早期食管基底细胞样鳞状细胞癌的内镜特征及预后分析

目的研究早期食管基底细胞样鳞状细胞癌(EBSCC)的内镜特征、治疗效果及预后。方法回顾性分析2014年1月-2020年12月该院发现并行ESD治疗的早期EBSCC患者32例(EBSCC组),纳入同期行内镜黏膜下剥离术(ESD)治疗的普通典型早期食管鳞状细胞癌(ESCC)患者96例作为对照组(ESCC组),对比分析两组患者年龄、性别、肿瘤大小、肿瘤浸润深度、内镜特征、治疗结果及生存率等。结果两组患者发病年龄(P=0.746)、性别(P=0.506)、肿瘤大小(P=0.423)和肿瘤浸润深度(P=0.914)比较,差异均无统计学意义。两组患者肿瘤均好发于食管中段,内镜下分型以0-Ⅱb型为主,所有病灶表面黏膜均粗糙和/或糜烂,放大内镜观察上皮内乳头状毛细血管袢(IPCL),以B1型为主,两组患者比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。EBSCC组较ESCC组病灶表面白斑出现的概率更高,差异有统计学意义(56.25%和26.04%,χ^(2)=9.88,P=0.002)。碘液染色:EBSCC组有17例(53.12%)为不染或淡染,15例(46.88%)有斑驳状不染改变(即碘不染区域中可见岛状染色斑点或者深染斑点);ESCC组有72例(75.00%)为不染或淡染,24例(25.00%)有斑驳状不染改变,两组患者碘液染色后改变比较,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=5.42,P=0.020)。两组患者治疗后生存率比较,差异无统计学意义(93.75%和96.88%,χ^(2)=0.62,P=0.429)。结论早期EBSCC内镜下表现不一致,病灶表面白斑、碘液染色后呈斑驳状不染改变和放大内镜结合窄带成像技术观察到B型血管,提示可能存在基底细胞样鳞状细胞癌(BSCC)成分。早期治疗EBSCC可提高患者生存率,改善预后。

Delivery of docetaxel using pH-sensitive liposomes based on D-α-tocopheryl poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) succinate:Comparison with PEGylated liposomes

This study aimed to investigate the ability of the novel materials D-α-tocopheryl poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) succinate(TPOS) to construct pH-sensitive liposomes. TPOS was initially synthesized and characterized by TLC, FTIR, and ~1H-NMR. The buffering capacity of polyethylene glycol-distearoyl phosphatidylethanolamine(PEG-DSPE) and TPOS was determined by acid-base titration, and TPOS displayed a slower downtrend and gentler slope of titration curve than PEG-DSPE within pH 7.4–5.0. Studies on the in vitro drug release demonstrated that TPOS modified docetaxel(DOC) liposomes(TPOS-DOC-L) had a slower drugrelease rate at pH 7.4 similar to PEGylated-DOC liposomes(PEG-DOC-L), whereas the release rate reached approximately 86.92% ± 1.69% at pH 6.4. In vitro cellular uptake assays by microplate reader, and flow cytometry revealed that TPOS modified coumarin 6 liposomes(TPOS-C6-L) had stronger cellular uptake at pH 6.4 than that at pH 7.4( P < 0.01). Conversely, for PEGylated C6 liposomes(PEG-C6-L) and conventional C6 liposomes(C6-L), very similar cellular uptakes were exhibited at different pH values. Confocal laser scanning microscopy images showed that PEG-C6-L and C6-L were mainly located in lysosomes. By contrast, TPOS-C6-L showed broader cytoplasmic release and distribution at 4 h. MTT assay showed that the cytotoxicity of TPOS-DOC-L was similar to that of PEG-DOC-L and conventional DOC liposomes(DOC-L) at the same DOC concentration and at pH 7.4, but was much lower than those at pH 6.4 after 48 h of incubation. The apoptosis of PEG-DOC-L and DOC-L had no remarkable improvement with decreased pH from 7.4 to 6.4. Meanwhile, TPOS-DOC-Lsignificantly induced the apoptosis of HeLa cells with decreased pH. Therefore, TPOS can be a biomaterial for the construction of a pH-sensitive drug delivery system.

Sub-Millimeter-Wave Transmission of Silk Fabric

Millimeter wave technology is one of the technologies developed rapidly in recent years. The research was mainly to study the transmission of millimeter wave through textile material named silk fabric. We observed the phenomenon of sub-millimeter-wave transmission and reflection of the silk fabric, and concluded that with the number of silk fabric layers increasing, effect of scattering and absorption of the millimeter wave enhanced. The conclusion could be further employed in millimeter wave and THz imaging, dangerous goods inspection and other security application.

儿童抑郁量表中文版在重庆市6~13岁小学生中的应用效果

目的评价儿童抑郁量表(Children’s Depression Inventory,CDI)中文版在重庆市6~13岁小学生中应用的信效度,并分析学生的抑郁情况。方法2020年12月至2021年1月,采用整群抽样法,对重庆市某城区56所小学中30088名6~13岁在校学生进行心理测评,使用Cronbach’sα系数、Pearson相关性分析、探索性因素分析及验证性因素分析方法,对CDI进行信效度检验;采用单因素方差分析和t检验对学生抑郁情况进行分析。结果①信度分析表明,CDI内部一致性总分系数为0.830,各分量表的α系数介于0.488~0.752之间,分半相关系数为0.867;效度分析中,内容效度表明,除条目26的相关系数较低,其余各个条目与总分的相关系数≥0.349,且差异有统计学意义(P<0.01);结构效度显示五因素模型修正后拟合良好。②整体抑郁总分为(10.97±7.86)分,男生得分为(10.66±7.56),显著低于女生[(11.29±8.16),P<0.001];根据年龄性别划分,小学生整体抑郁情况呈三段式分布,10岁成为男女生抑郁患病差异的分界点。结论CDI在重庆市6~13岁小学生中整体信效度较好,但部分内容仍需针对性修订;不同年龄与性别的学生抑郁情况存在差异。

基于5G的云边协同防误系统在鞍钢变电所的应用

遵循“电力物联网”思想,运用5G、物联网、云计算、边缘计算等技术,建立变电所防误子站、移动终端与云平台的电力互联和人机交互,打造具有“防误子站智能成票、云边联合在线防误、移动终端无线开锁、业务在线化管控”等特征的防误系统,提升变电所倒闸操作效率和防误管控水平。

Compensation trends of the angulation of first molars:retrospective study of 1403 malocclusion cases

We investigated the compensatory trends of mesiodistal angulation of first molars in malocclusion cases. We compared differences in the angulation of first molars in different developmental stages, malocclusion classifications and skeletal patterns. The medical records and lateral cephalogrammes of 1 403 malocclusion cases taken before treatment were measured to evaluate compensation of molar angulation in relation to the skeletal jaw. The cases were stratified by age, Angle classification and skeletal patterns. Differences in the mesiodistal angulation of the first molars were compared among the stratifications. We observed three main phenomena. First,angulation of the upper first molar varied significantly with age and tipped most distally in cases aged,12 years and least distally in cases aged.16 years. The lower first molar did not show such differences. Second, in Angle Class II or skeletal Class II cases, the upper first molar was the most distally tipped, the lower first molar was the most mesially tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in Class III cases. Third, in high-angle cases, the upper and lower first molars were the most distally tipped, and opposite angulation compensation was observed in low-angle cases. These data suggest that the angulation of the molars compensated for various growth patterns and malocclusion types. Hence, awareness of molar angulation compensation would help to adjust occlusal relationships, control anchorage and increase the chances of long-term stability.

High-mobility group box 1 expression and lymph node metastasis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

AIM:To evaluate the prognostic value of high-mobility group box 1(HMGB1) expression in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma(IHCC) and the possible underlying mechanism.METHODS:Tissue microarray was constructed from 65 IHCC patients.Immunohistochemistry was performed to validate expression of HMGB1 and Vascular endothelial growth factor C(VEGF-C).Realtime PCR and Western blot analyses were used to study transcript and protein levels.The interaction between HMGB1 and VEGF-C was evaluated by si RNA,real-time PCR,and enzyme-linked immuno assays.The correlation between HMGB1 expression and other clinicopathologic parameters was analyzed byχ2 test,and the univariate as well as multivariate analyses were accomplished by Kaplan-Meier method and Coxregression model,respectively.RESULTS:Overall,overexpression of HMGB1 was found in 38/65(58.8%)IHCCs,whereas VEGF-C overexpression was present in 30/65(46.2%)cases.Overexpression of HMGB1 was significantly correlated with lymphatic microvessel density(P=0.031,r=0.268)and VEGF-C expression(P=0.041,r=0.254).With univariate analysis,both HMGB1(P=0.001)and VEGF-C(P=0.004)were identified to be significantly associated with overall survival rate.Multivariateanalysis indicated that HMGB1 could be served as an unfavorable independent prognostic factor in IHCCs(P=0.005).si RNA knockdown of HMGB1 inhibited transforming growth factor-β-induced epithelialmesenchymal transition(EMT)by elevating E-Cadherin expression and reducing expression of N-Cadherin,Vimentin and Snail in RBE cells.Further in vitro study revealed that HMGB1 silencing significantly decreased the level of VEGF-C,whereas the recombinant HMGB1increased the VEGF-C level in RBE cells(both P<0.05),which suggested that HMGB1 could promote lymphatic microvessel density,and subsequently lymphatic invasion,via promoting VEGF-C expression.CONCLUSION:Our results define an important role of HMGB1 in the progression of cholangiocarcinoma,and HMGB1 may serve as a prognostic marker for IHCC patients.

In vivo transfection of enhanced green fluorescent protein in rat retinal ganglion cells mediated by ultrasound-induced microbubbles

BACKGROUND： Studies have demonstrated that ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction significantly improves transfection efficiency of enhanced green fluorescent protein （EGFP） in in vitro cultured retinal ganglial cells （RGCs）. OBJECTIVE： To investigate the feasibility of ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction for EGFP transfection in rat RGCs, and to compare efficiency and cell damage with traditional transfection methods. DESIGN, TIME AND SETTING： In vivo, gene engineering experiment. The study was performed at the Central Laboratory, Institute of Ultrasonic Imaging, Chongqing Medical University from March to July 2008. MATERIALS： Eukaryotic expression vector plasmid EGFP and microbubbles were prepared by the Institute of Ultrasonic Imaging, Chongqing Medical University. The microbubbles were produced at a concentration of 8.7 × 10^11/L, with a 2-4 μm diameter, and 10-hour half-life in vitro. METHODS： A total of 50 Sprague Dawley rats were randomly assigned to four groups. Normal controls （n = 5） were infused with 5 μL normal saline to the vitreous cavity; the naked plasmid group （n = 15） was infused with 5 pL EGFP plasmid to the vitreous cavity; in the plasmid with ultrasound group （n = 15）, the eyes were irradiated with low-energy ultrasound wave （0.5 W/cm^2） for a total of 60 seconds （irradiated for 5 seconds, at 10-second intervals） immediately following infusion of EGFP plasmids to the vitreous cavities. In the microbubble-ultrasound group （n = 15）, the eyes were irradiated with the same power of ultrasonic wave immediately following infusion of microbubbles containing EGFP plasmids to the vitreous cavities. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES： After 7 days, retinal preparations and EGFP expression in RGCs were observed by fluorescence microscopy. RGC quantification in the retinal ganglion cell layer was performed. In addition, EGFP mRNA expression was semi-quantitatively determined by RT-PCR. RESULTS： The transfection efficiency of EGFP to RGCs by microbubbles with ultrasound was significantly greater than the other groups, and no obvious damage was detected in the RGCs. CONCLUSION： Under irradiation of low-frequency ultrasound waves, ultrasound-mediated microbubble destruction was effective and resulted in safe transfection of the EGFP gene to the RGCs.

Calibration of Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer (MEPA)

The first Mars exploration mission of China(Tianwen-1)is scheduled to be launched in 2020;a charged particle telescope,the Mars Energetic Particle Analyzer(MEPA),is carried as one of the payloads on the orbiter.The MEPA is designed to measure solar energetic particles(SEPs)and galactic cosmic rays(GCRs)in the near-Mars space and in the transfer orbit from Earth to Mars.Before the launch,the MEPA was calibrated in ground experiments with radioactive sources,electronic pulses,and accelerator beams.The calibration parameters,such as energy conversion constants,threshold values for the triggers,and particle identification criteria,were determined and have been stored for onboard use.The validity of the calibration parameters has been verified with radioactive sources and beams.The calibration results indicate that the MEPA can measure charged particles reliably,as designed,and that it can satisfy the requirements of the Tianwen-1 mission.

Therapeutic Effect and Mechanism of Caulophyllum robustum Maxim Extract on Adjuvant Arthritis Rats

[Objectives]To study the anti-inflammation and anti-swelling effect of Caulophyllum robustum Maxim( CRM) extract on secondary lesions of adjuvant arthritis( AA),associated inflammatory factors of AA rats and mice immune function. [Methods]Rats were divided into high,middle and low dose CRM extract groups( 69. 23,34. 61,17. 31 mg/kg),methotrexate group( 0. 68 mg/kg),triptolide group( 7. 88 mg/kg),model group and normal control group. The AA rat model was induced by intradermal injection of Freund's complete adjuvant( FCA). After the AA model was established successfully,the paw swelling of AA rats was observed and recorded. The levels of interleukin-1β( IL-1β),interleukin-4( IL-4),interleukin-10( IL-10),Tumor Necrosis Factor-α( TNF-α),interleukin 17( IL-17),interferon( IFN-γ),granulocyte colony-stimulating factor( G-CSF) and transforming growth factor( TGF-β) in the serum of AA rats were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay( ELISA). The spleen was removed and weighed for detecting the drug influence on the immune organs.Impacts were observed by gavage administration at different dosages of 25 mg/kg,50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg for seven days,adopting carbon granules clearance test,delayed-type hypersensitivity induced by dinitrofluorobenzene( DNFB) coupled with flow cytometry evaluating lymphocytes( CD3^+,CD4^+,CD8^+) activation and serolysin test. [Results] Compared with the model group,the joint swelling,spleen index and inflammatory cytokines( IL-1β,IL-4,IL-10,TNF-α,IL-17,IFN-γ,G-CSF,TGF-β) were reduced significantly( P < 0. 05,P < 0. 01). And the activity of CRM was significantly superior to methotrexate and triptergium. Moreover,the results indicated that different dosages of 25 mg/kg,50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg of CRM could significantly reduce the carbon granules clearance index( K) and phagocytic index( a),inhibit the phagocytosis of mononuclear macrophages,reduce the mice swelling extent and inhibit DTH in mice induced by DNFB,decrease the quantity of serum hemolysin. Percentage of CD3^+,CD4^+,and the ratio of CD4^+,CD8^+ notably decreased,whereas CD8^+ obviously increased. Intragastrica dose of 50 mg/kg,100 mg/kg were acknowledged as more objective inhibiting effect compared with a dosage of 25 mg/kg.[Conclusions] Decreasing inflammatory cytokines content,non-specific immune,humoral immune and cellular immune function may be the therapeutic mechanism for rheumatoid arthritis( RA).

Optimization of Urban Land Use Structure Based on the Perspective of GMOP-GA——A Case Study of the Urban Districts of Hohhot

Taking the urban districts of Hohhot as the study area,using the classification data of land use change and relevant socio-economic statistical yearbook data in 2001-2016,taking the dual targets of economic-ecological and related constraint factors as the optimal decision of optimization of land use structure,using the Grey Multi-objective Programming( GMOP) and Genetic Algorithm( GA) to estimate the intervals of predictive threshold value of the factors and inequality constraint equations,and on the basis of it to designed two schemes for optimization of land use structure for the study area in 2030 and made them in comparison and optimization. The results show that in contrast to the primitive land use structure,the optimized scheme based on the economic-ecological comprehensive benefit is better than the current land use structure as the two aspects of the overall land output benefit and the scale combination of single type land use and the current land use structure.

Design of fast adaptive readout system for wire scanners

A new wide-range fast readout system capable of adaptive identification is designed for wire scanners,which are used to measure beam profiles and emittance.This system is capable of handling varying current signals with Gaussian distributions and current pulses up to 1000 counts/s, as well as an input current range of 1 n A–1 m A. When tested, the resolution was found to exceed 3.68% for full scale, the nonlinearity was found to be less than 0.11%, and the measurement sensibility was found to be less than 5 p A. We believe that the system will play a crucial role in improving the measurement accuracy of beam diagnosis and the efficiency of accelerator operation,as well as decreasing the time required for beam tuning.This system was applied to the beam diagnosis of an injector II prototype for an accelerator-driven subcritical system and produced excellent measurement results. A description of the adaptive fast readout system for wire scanners is presented in this paper.

Experimental study on heavy ion single-event effects in flash-based FPGAs

With extensive use of flash-based field-programmable gate arrays(FPGAs) in military and aerospace applications, single-event effects(SEEs) of FPGAs induced by radiations have been a major concern. In this paper, we present SEE experimental study of a flash-based FPGA from Microsemi Pro ASIC3 product family. The relation between the cross section and different linear energy transfer(LET) values for the logic tiles and embedded RAM blocks is obtained. The results show that the sequential logic cross section depends not too much on operating frequency of the device. And the relationship between 0 →1 upsets(zeros) and 1 →0 upsets(ones) is different for different kinds of D-flip-flops. The devices are not sensitive to SEL up to a LET of 99.0 Me V cm2/mg.Post-beam tests show that the programming module is damaged due to the high-LET ions.

MEK1在结直肠癌中表达及临床意义的研究(英文)

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between expression of MEK1 protein in the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and liver as well as lymph node metastasis in colorectal cancer patients.Methods:Immunohistochemistry was performed to detect the expression of MEK1 protein in primary cancer,normal colonic mucosa,lymph nodes and liver metastatic foci from 86 colorectal cancer patients.Life table analysis was employed to evaluate the association between MEK1 expression and patients' survival.Results:The positive rate of MEK1 expression in the primary cancer,normal colonic mucosa,metastatic lymph nodes and liver metastatic foci was 52.3%,32.6%,71.4% and 78.3%,respectively.The positive rate of MEK1 expression in the primary cancer,metastatic lymph nodes and liver metastatic foci was significantly higher than that in the normal colonic mucosa (P < 0.01).Furthermore,the positive rate of MEK1 expression in stage III and IV colorectal cancer patients was dramatically higher than that in stage I and II colorectal cancer patients (P < 0.01).The positive rate of MEK1 expression in patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma and mucinous adenocarcinoma was significantly higher than patients with well or moderately differentiated adenocarcinoma (P < 0.01).The 3-year disease-free survival rate was 41.3% in MEK1 positive patients and 73.1% in MEK1 negative patients.The survival rate of MEK1 positive patients was significantly lower than that of MEK1 negative patients (P < 0.05).Conclusion:The increased expression of MEK1 was associated with lymph node metastasis and liver metastasis of colorectal cancer.Therefore,detection of MEK1 expression may have important significance in the evaluation of patients' prognosis.

基于SCL-90的青少年和成人抑郁症状对比分析

目的探讨青少年和成人抑郁症状的差别,为早期发现青少年抑郁提供可能的依据。方法选取2021年7月至2022年6月重庆医科大学附属第一医院精神科门诊以“抑郁情绪”就诊的4096例患者为研究对象,根据年龄分为青少年组(n=2439)和成人组(n=1657),收集并分析其抑郁自评量表(SDS)和90项症状清单(SCL-90)结果。结果两组民族、居住地、籍贯、家族史及抑郁程度比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。青少年组抑郁症状更重,主要表现在消极观念、强迫症状、敌对和人际关系及精神病性症状(P<0.05),而成人组则在睡眠方面表现得更加明显(P<0.05)。结论应针对青少年的消极观念等进行尽早干预。

Preparation and Characterization of Platinum Supported on Carbon Nanotubes with Different Tube Diameter for Cathode Catalysts of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells

Platinum supported on carbon nanotubes （CNTs） with different tube diameters 〈10, 10-20, 40-60 and 60- 100 nm were prepared. The catalysts were characterized by transmission electron microscopy （TEM）, X-ray diffraction （XRD）. The metal particle size for 40 wt pct Pt catalysts were 2-5 nm. Self-prepared Pt/CNTs catalysts and purchased Pt/XC-72 were studied by polarization curves, and it was found that in the H2/O2 fuel cell system, Pt supported on Vulcan XC-72 （Pt/XC-72） possessed higher catalytic activity than Pt/CNTs. But in H2/air system, Pt supported on CNTs with diameter 10-20 nm （Pt/CNTI020） possessed higher activity than other Pt/C catalysts.

舍曲林对首发重度抑郁症青少年患者血清炎症因子的影响研究

目的 探讨首发重度抑郁症(major depressive disorder, MDD)青少年患者药物治疗后的血清炎症因子变化以及舍曲林疗效的预测因素。方法 本研究纳入61例首发未用药的MDD青少年患者(MDD组)和55例健康青少年(HC组)。MDD组患者在入组后予盐酸舍曲林片治疗8周,健康对照组不予任何治疗。MDD组分别在基线和治疗后8周进行采集血样检测血清中炎症因子水平和临床资料评定[17项汉密尔顿抑郁量表(17-items Hamilton Depression Scale,HAMD-17)和心理弹性量表(Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale, CD-RISC)],HC组仅在基线期采血检测和临床资料采集。分析MDD组炎症因子水平与抑郁严重程度的相关性,并进行MDD组HAMD-17的逐步线性回归,寻找能预测舍曲林疗效的血清学指标。结果 基线时MDD组的IL-1β和IL-6水平高于HC组(P均<0.000 1),TNF-α水平低于HC组(P=0.006)。经过8周用药后,MDD组IL-1β、IL-6均下降,TNF-α水平较治疗前升高,HAMD-17、CD-RISC总分、坚韧、相信直觉及控制得分均升高。应答组和无应答组的基线期血清炎症因子水平无明显差异。治疗前后的IL-6水平与治疗前后的CD-RISC及其相信直觉因子评分弱相关。基线期间IL-1β、TNF-α水平对治疗后的HAMD-17评分影响无统计学意义。结论 青少年MDD患者血清炎症因子与健康青少年存在明显差异,IL-6与抑郁症严重程度相关,但尚不足以支持其作为预测舍曲林抗抑郁疗效的指标。

青春期抑郁样行为小鼠脑组织外泌体miRNA测序分析

目的 探索青春期抑郁样行为小鼠脑组织外泌体微RNA(microRNA, miRNA)差异表达情况。方法 实验组为慢性社交挫败实验应激模型(chronic social defeat stress, CSDS)敏感型青春期小鼠,采用糖水偏好和旷场实验评估抑郁样行为。使用超速离心法提取脑组织外泌体,经透射电子显微镜、纳米流式检测技术以及蛋白质印记对外泌体形态、粒径大小和表面标志蛋白进行鉴定。采用高通量测序技术评估实验组和对照组小鼠脑组织外泌体miRNAs表达,基于生物信息学进行GO和KEGG通路富集分析。结果 外泌体颗粒大小在50~100 nm之间、呈典型圆盘状的囊泡结构,检测到外泌体阳性蛋白TSG101和Syntenin。CSDS诱导抑郁样行为的青春期小鼠脑组织外泌体中有13个miRNA显著上调,4个miRNA显著下调,差异表达的miRNA在PI3K-Akt信号通路、轴突导向以及缺氧反应等显著富集。结论 本研究发现脑组织外泌体miRNA可能参与胰岛素抵抗、神经可塑性、缺氧反应等生物过程调控大脑功能,从而产生抑郁样行为。

在61比特可编程超导量子处理器上对量子多体态进行量子神经元感知

对具有不同性质和物相的多体量子态进行分类是量子多体物理学中最基本的任务之一.然而,由于巨大数量的相互作用的粒子所产生的指数级的复杂性,大规模量子态的分类对于经典的方法来说极具挑战性.本文提出了一种新的方法,称为量子神经元感知.利用一个61比特的超导量子处理器作为演示,作者表明该方案可以有效地对两种不同类型的多体现象,即遍历相和局域相,进行分类.量子神经元感知过程使他们能够通过只测量一个量子比特来区分这些多体物相,并提供比传统方法(如测量不平衡度)更好的分辨率.本研究证明了量子神经元感知在近期量子处理器应用的可行性和扩展性,并为探索更大规模系统中的量子多体现象开辟了新的途径.

Application of in situ/operando characterization techniques in heterostructure catalysts toward water electrolysis

The key to achieving the breakthrough of hydrogen energy from marginal energy sources in large scale applications lies in the development and design of efficient electrocatalysts for the electrochemical oxidation and reduction of water.The unique heterostructure endows the catalyst with a mass of functional interfaces that are decisive for the enhancement of catalyst activity,stability,and reaction kinetics.Although some cutting-edge reviews have focused on the synthesis strategies,constitution,and applications of heterostructure catalysts,the field still lacks a detailed discussion of the actual reaction processes occurring at the interface,which is detrimental to the understanding of the true catalytic mechanism.Relying on advanced in situ/operando characterization techniques to understand the working mechanism of heterostructure catalysts is essential for rational design of advanced catalysts.In this review,we first present the advantages of heterostructure catalysts applied to electrolyzing water.Subsequently,the application of in situ/operando techniques in probing three aspects of heterostructure catalyst surface reconstruction,reaction mechanism,and the role of each component is highlighted with classical case studies.Finally,the current challenges and prospects for the design of heterostructure electrocatalysts are discussed in detail.