How mesenchymal stem cells transform into adipocytes:Overview of the current understanding of adipogenic differentiation

Mesenchymal stem cells(MSCs)are stem/progenitor cells capable of self-renewal and differentiation into osteoblasts,chondrocytes and adipocytes.The transformation of multipotent MSCs to adipocytes mainly involves two subsequent steps from MSCs to preadipocytes and further preadipocytes into adipocytes,in which the process MSCs are precisely controlled to commit to the adipogenic lineage and then mature into adipocytes.Previous studies have shown that the master transcription factors C/enhancer-binding protein alpha and peroxisome proliferation activator receptor gamma play vital roles in adipogenesis.However,the mechanism underlying the adipogenic differentiation of MSCs is not fully understood.Here,the current knowledge of adipogenic differentiation in MSCs is reviewed,focusing on signaling pathways,noncoding RNAs and epigenetic effects on DNA methylation and acetylation during MSC differentiation.Finally,the relationship between maladipogenic differentiation and diseases is briefly discussed.We hope that this review can broaden and deepen our understanding of how MSCs turn into adipocytes.

Ovarian function in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus:Pathogenesis,drug application and prospective therapies

Systemic lupus erythematosus(SLE)is a chronic autoimmune disease in which multiple organs are damaged that prevails in fertile women.Currently,glucocorticoids and immunosuppressants are widely used to treat SLE patients.However,ovarian dysfunction occurs following the use of these drugs in women with SLE.Here,we summarize recent progress in terms of understanding ovarian injury,the effects of drug application and strategies to improve ovarian function in women with SLE.This review could be helpful to precisely cure SLE in women desiring to have offspring.

基于非亲核电解液构建稳定的镁离子电池

非亲核电解液被认为是新一代可用于镁离子电池的高稳定电解液。但由于电解液容易在镁金属表面产生不传导镁离子的钝化层,导致镁的电化学沉积/溶出过程在该电解液中表现出动力学缓慢、库仑效率较低等缺点。在本研究中,我们通过在非亲核电解液中引入二苯二硫醚(PDF)添加剂以实现对镁金属电极的界面调控。研究表明PDF产生的苯基硫醇盐中间体可以紧密结合在镁金属表面,并显著抑制了镁金属表面钝化层的生成。经界面优化后的镁金属电极的沉积-溶出库仑效率高达99.5%,并且表现出显著降低的过电位。利用此电解液,并以镁金属为负极、Mo;S;Se为正极构建的镁离子电池在室温下可稳定循环150周(0.1 C)。这类通过添加剂优化镁金属界面的策略也将有助于推进其他类型的镁离子电解液的实际应用。

Single-lung transplantation for pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis: A case report

BACKGROUND Pulmonary alveolar microlithiasis(PAM)is a rare idiopathic lung disease characterized by the accumulation of innumerable microliths.Currently,effective therapeutics for PAM are not available,and the only treatment for end-stage lung disease is lung transplantation(LuTx).Further,there are few reports that focus on LuTx for the treatment of PAM,and the follow-up reports of postoperative imaging are even rarer.CASE SUMMARY A 52-year-old man presented to Shanghai Pulmonary Hospital in 2017 after experiencing shortness of breath and exacerbation.The patient was diagnosed with PAM and referred for single-LuTx(SLuTx)on March 14,2018.Preoperative imaging results from a chest X-ray demonstrated bilateral,diffuse,symmetrical,sandstorm-like radiopaque micronodules,and pneumothorax and a computed tomography scan revealed minute,calcified military nodules in both lungs.We performed a left SLuTx,and intraoperative pathology was consistent with PAM.One week after surgery,a chest X-ray revealed slight exudation of the left lung,and one month later,the left transplanted lung exhibited good dilation,mild pulmonary perfusion injury with local infection,and left pleural effusion.Fiberoptic bronchoscopy revealed left hyperplastic granulation at the left bronchial anastomosis.Multiple sputum cultures suggested the presence of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Acinetobacter baumannii.The last follow-up was conducted in April 2019;the patient recovered well.CONCLUSION This case presents the imaging findings of a patient with PAM before and after LuTx and confirms the effectiveness of LuTx for the treatment of this disease.

Formation of [3]Pseudorotaxanes from β-cyclodextrin and a Series of Dicarboxylic Acids with Their Corresponding α,ω-alkanedicarboxylate Anions

Inclusion complexes between β-cyclodextrin （β-CD） and a series of dicarboxylic acids （DAn, n=11-15） were prepared by co-grinding and co-precipitation methods and the [3]pseudorotaxane structure of them was elucidated by FTIR, DTA and XRD characterizations. Inclusion complexes of β-CD and α,ω-alkanedicarboxylate anions （DAn^2-） were acquired by neutralizing β-CD/DAn different inclusion complexes with sodium hydroxide and the structure was also proved to be a pseudorotaxane structure by ^1H-NMR spectra and NOESY spectrum. Both the inclusion complexes of β-CD/DAn and β-CD/DAn^2- adopt the [3]pseudorotaxane structure with β-CD arranged in dimers threaded onto one aliphatic chain and the binding mode of 1：1 inclusion complex was excluded based on the consideration of chain conformations.

Principles and applications of high-speed single-pixel imaging technology

Single-pixel imaging （SPI） technology has garnered great interest within the last decade because of its ability to record high-resolution images using a single-pixel detector. It has been applied to diverse fields, such as magnetic resonance imaging （MRI）, aerospace remote sensing, terahertz photography, and hyperspectral imaging. Compared with conventional silicon-based cameras, single-pixel cameras （SPCs） can achieve image compression and operate over a much broader spectral range. However, the imaging speed of SPCs is governed by the response time of digital mieromirror devices （DMDs） and the amount of com- pression of acquired images, leading to low （ms-level） temporal resolution. Consequently, it is particularly challenging for SPCs to investigate fast dynamic phenomena, which is required commonly in microscopy. Recently, a unique approach based on photonic time stretch （PTS） to achieve high-speed SPI has been reported. It achieves a frame rate far beyond that can be reached with conventional SPCs. In this paper, we first introduce the principles and applications of the PTS technique. Then the basic archi- tecture of the high-speed SPI system is presented, and an imaging flow cytometer with high speed and high throughput is demonstrated experimentally. Finally, the limitations and potential applications of high-speed SPI are discussed.

Asymmetric Deoxygenative Cyanation of Benzyl Alcohols Enabled by Synergistic Photoredox and Copper Catalysis

of main observation and conclusion An enantioselective deoxygenative cyanation of benzyl alcohols was accomplished for the first time through the synergistic photoredox and copper catalysis.This reaction features the use of organic photosensitizer and low-cost 3d metal catalyst,simple and safe operations,and extremely mild conditions.A variety of chiral benzyl nitriles were produced in generally good yields and high level of enantiocontrols from readily available feedstocks(22 examples,up to 93%yield and 92%ee).

Catalyst-free hydrochlorination protocol for terminal arylalkynes with hydrogen chloride

We present a simple and straightforward protocol for hydrochlorination of terminal arylalkynes to vinyl chlorides using hydrogen chloride under mild reaction conditions. This protocol does not involve any metal catalysts or additives. It is simple, inexpensive, and easy to prepare, and exhibits good reaction activity. The hydrochlorination proceeds smoothly to yield unique regioselective products via the Markovnikov addition rule.