生物质制备纳米零价铁生物炭的铁相转移和原位还原机制

纳米零价铁生物炭(nZVI-BC)作为一种由废弃生物质制备的环境友好性材料,可有效解决生物质转化和环境污染问题。然而,复杂的生物质/生物炭改性过程阻碍了它们的进一步生产和应用。在本研究中,一种绿色溶剂聚乙二醇400(PEG400)被引入到FeCl_(3)·6H_(2)O改性水稻秸秆(RS)的反应体系中,改性后的RS通过一步热解法被转化为nZ VI-BC。PEG400的添加促进了铁离子的水解并改善了RS的表面结构,有利于Fe2O3附着到RS表面。在60℃、80℃、100℃,0.5h的改性条件下,RS中木质素组分损失不多,有利于高温热解过程中碳骨架的形成。Fe_(2)O_(3)在热解产生的还原气体和无定形碳的帮助下被还原,最终形成nZVI-BC。将该方法制备的nZVI-BC用于染料刚果红的催化高级氧化去除,结果表明nZVI-BC具有快速的吸附能力(5 min时吸附效果为70.6%)和高效的催化降解能力(60 min时催化降解90%)。本研究为nZVI-BC的制备提供了一种新的策略,为其规模化生产和应用奠定了基础。

Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction in the liver of rats with severe acute pancreatitis

AIM To explore the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Da-Cheng-Qi decoction(DCQD) in the liver of rats with severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) based on an herbal recipe tissue pharmacology hypothesis.METHODS Healthy male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into a sham operation group(SOG); a model group(MG); and low-, median- and high-dose treatment groups(LDG, MDG, and HDG, respectively). Different dosages(6, 12 and 24 g/kg for the LDG, MDG, and HDG, respectively) of DCQD were administered to the rats with SAP. The tissue concentrations of aloeemodin, rhein, emodin, chrysophanol, honokiol, rheo chrysophanol, magnolol, hesperidin, naringenin and naringin in the liver of the treated rats were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Alanine transaminase(ALT) and aspartate transaminase(AST) in serum, inflammatory mediators in the liver and pathological scores were evaluated.RESULTS The major components of DCQD were detected in the liver, and their concentrations increased dosedependently. The high dose of DCQD showed a maximal effect in ameliorating the pathological damages, decreasing the pro-inflammatory mediators tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin(IL)-6 and increasing anti-inflammatory mediators IL-4 and IL-10 in the liver. The pathological scores in the pancreas for the MG were significantly higher than those for the SOG(P < 0.05). DCQD could reduce the pathological scores in the pancreas and liver of the rats with SAP, especially in the HDG. Compared to the SOG, the ALT and AST levels in serum were higher in the MG(P < 0.05), while there was no statistical difference in the MG and HDG.CONCLUSION DCQD could alleviate liver damage by altering the inflammatory response in rats with SAP based on the liver distribution of its components.

幽门螺杆菌与免疫性皮肤病的关系

幽门螺杆菌(Helicobacter pylori,Hp)感染后人体免疫平衡失调,宿主自身免疫与细菌长期相互作用,导致皮肤自身抗原耐受性丧失,引起部分免疫性皮肤病。根除Hp对某些慢性免疫性皮肤病,如荨麻疹、酒渣鼻、银屑病、自身免疫性大疱病等可以起到缓解症状的作用,而Hp感染与白塞病、硬皮病、斑秃、过敏性紫癜的关系,尚存在争议,本文重点对Hp感染与常见免疫性皮肤病的关系作一综述。

Effect of Sheng-jiang powder on multiple-organ inflammatory injury in acute pancreatitis in rats fed a high-fat diet

BACKGROUND Obesity worsens inflammatory organ injury in acute pancreatitis(AP), but there is no effective preventive strategy. Sheng-jiang powder(SJP) has been shown to alleviate multiple-organ inflammatory injury in rats with high-fat diet-induced obesity. Hence, SJP is supposed to have an effect on multiple-organ inflammatory injury in AP in rats fed a high-fat diet.AIM To explore how obesity may contribute to aggravating inflammatory organ injury in AP in rats and observe the effect of SJP on multiple-organ inflammatory injury in AP in rats fed a high-fat diet.METHODS Rats were randomly assigned to a control group(CG), an obese group(OG), and an SJP treatment group(SG), with eight rats per group. The rats in the OG and SG were fed a high-fat diet. From the third week, the rats in the SG were given oral doses of SJP(5 g/kg of body weight). After 12 wk, AP was induced in the three groups. Serum amylase level, body weight, Lee's index, serum biochemistry parameters, and serum inflammatory cytokine and tissue cytokine levels were assessed, and the tissue histopathological scores were evaluated and compared.RESULTS Compared with the CG, serum triglyceride, total cholesterol, interleukin-6, and interleukin-10 levels were significantly higher in the OG, and serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol level was significantly lower in the OG. Moreover,enhanced oxidative damage was observed in the pancreas, heart, spleen, lung,intestine, liver, and kidney. Evidence of an imbalanced antioxidant defense system, especially in the pancreas, spleen, and intestine, was observed in the obese AP rats. Compared with the OG, serum high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, interleukin-10, and superoxide dismutase expression levels in the pancreas, spleen, and intestine were increased in the SG. Additionally, SJP intervention led to a decrease in the following parameters: body weight; Lee's index; serum triglyceride levels; serum total cholesterol levels; malondialdehyde expression levels in the pancreas, heart, spleen, lung, and liver; myeloperoxidase expression levels in the lung; and pathological scores in the liver.CONCLUSION Obesity may aggravate the inflammatory reaction and pathological multipleorgan injury in AP rats, and SJP may alleviate multiple-organ inflammatory injury in AP in rats fed a high-fat diet.

Effect of EPEC endotoxin and bifidobacteria on intestinal barrier function through modulation of toll-like receptor 2 and toll-like receptor 4 expression in intestinal epithelial cell-18

AIM To investigate toll-like receptor 2(TLR2) and TLR4 expression, following bifidobacteria and low-dose EPEC endotoxin treatment, and intestinal barrier function in rat intestinal epithelial cell-18(IEC-18).METHODS Six experimental groups were established-normal control, EPEC, Bifidobacteria infantis(B. infantis), B. longum, B. bifidum, and B. youth groups. Optimal EPEC endotoxin concentration, bifidobacteria fold dilution, and treatment duration were determined. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot, respectively, were conducted to detect TLR2 and TLR4 m RNA and protein expression in IEC-18 cells. Transepithelial electrical resistance(TEER) was measured by the EVOM chopstick voltohmmeter in each group. All experiments were conducted in triplicate and data were analyzed on SPSS 16.RESULTS TLR2 and TLR4 m RNA and protein expression in the EPEC group were significantly higher than in the control group(P < 0.05). TLR2 m RNA and protein expression in the B. infantis, B. longum and B. youth groups were significantly lower than in the normal control group(P < 0.05). TLR4 m RNA and protein expression in the B. bifidum and B. youth groups were significantly lower than in normal controls(P < 0.05). In addition, the TEER in B. infantis, B. longum, B. bifidum, and B. youth groups were decreased by 19%, 18%, 23% and 23%, respectively, after 120 min of intervention, as compared to the control group. However, the TEER in the EPEC group was significantly decreased by 67% in comparison to the normal control group(P < 0.05).CONCLUSION Bifidobacteria protect IEC-18 cells against injury by down-regulating TLR2 and TLR4 expression and enhance intestinal barrier function to protect the intestinal epithelial cells from pathogenic invasion.

Proteome Analysis of Neisseria meningitidis Serogroup Strains C Associated with Outbreaks in China

Objective During 2003-2005, an outbreak of meningitis due to Neisseria meningitidis serogroup C occurred in China. With the aim to find strain clues result in the final epidemics, the ancestral strain 053442, a clinical isolate, and a carrier strain 053426 with different gene type were analyzed. Methods Clinical strain 053442 and carrier strain 053426 were cultured on GC agar plates under the same condition. Two-dimensional electrophoresis was performed using the pH 3–10 nonlinear IPG strips of 24 cm length, and all the protein spots were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time of flight spectrometry. Results 502 and 380 protein spots were identified in 053426 and 053442 respectively, relating to 266 and 202 different genes covering a wide range of cellular functions. The express volume and number of proteins involved in energy metabolism, protein synthesis and amino acid biosynthesis in 053426 were higher than in 053442. Virulence factor Opa, Opc and a series of proteins involved in pilus assembly and retraction were identified in 053442, which appear to be of primary importance in colonization and invasion of human cells. Compared to 053442, virulence protein species were less in 053426, with lower express volumes too. No Opa and Opc were detected in 053426. Conclusion The different protein expression profiles of the clinical strain 053442 and carrier strain 053426 in the present study provide some clues of the different pathogenicity of the two strains, which may account for result in the final epidemics.

Improvement of Quality of Nonanesthetic Colonoscopy by Preoperative Administration of Pinaverium Bromide

Background： Nonanesthetic colonoscopy is popular in clinical practice in China. However, intestinal spasms often result in a prolonged examination time, increased operating difficulties, decreased polyp detection rate, and failure to complete the procedure clinically. Therefore, exploring alternative approaches that can reduce the pain in patients during colonoscopy is of utmost importance, and finding the optimal preoperative administration to improve the quality of nonanesthetic colonoscopy is also necessary. This study aimed to investigate the effects of the prophylactic administration of pinaverium bromide before colonoscopy and the effects of pinaverium bromide alone at different time points or combined with scopolamine butylbromide. Methods： A randomized controlled trial was performed on a cohort of 1000 patients who underwent colonoscopy in outpatient clinic of Wuhan Union Hospital. The patients were randomly assigned to the following groups： Group A, given oral pinaverium bromide （100 mg, three times a day） one day before examination combined with intramuscular injection of scopolamine butylbromide （20 mg） 10 min before colonoscopy; Group B0, given pinaverium bromide alone on the day ofcolonoscopy （ 100 mg, three times a day）; Group B1, given pinaverium bromide alone （100 mg, three times a day） one day before colonoscopy; Group B2, given pinaverium bromide alone （100 mg, three times a day） two days before colonoscopy; and Group C, given scopolamine butylbromide alone （20 mg） before colonoscopy. The successful rate of colonoscopy, procedure time, degree of abdominal pain, and polyp detection rate were recorded and compared among all groups. Results： The successful rate of colonoscopy in Group B1 （82.0%） and Group B2 （83.0%） was significantly higher than that in Group B1 （62.0%, all P 〈 0.01 ）. The time to reach the ileocecal region in Group B1 and Group B, were lower than those in Group B0 （all P 〈 0.05）. However, no significant differences were observed in polyp detection rate between Group B1（24.0%） or Group B2 （26.0%）, and Group Bo （22.4%, all P 〉 0.05）. Furthermore, there were no significant differences in the various parameters examined between Group B1 and Group B2 （P 〉 0.05）. The successful rate of colonoscopy in Group A （92.0%） was significantly higher than that in Group B2 （82.0%） and Group C （80.0%; both P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, the time for the colonoscope to reach the ileocecal region in Group A were markedly shorter as compared to those in Group B1 and Group C （P 〈 0.05）. The polyp detection rate in Group A was 32.0%, significantly higher than that in Group B1 （24.0%, P 〈 0.05） and Group C （24.2%, P 〈 0.05）. Conclusion： Administration of pinaverium bromide alone one day before examination was beneficial to relieve symptoms of abdominal pain during nonanesthetic colonoscopy. In addition, therapeutic effects were improved when pinaverium bromide administration was combined with intramuscular injection of scopolamine butylbromide. Therefore, the combined use ofpinaverium bromide with scopolamine butylbromide might have great application value to improve the quality of nonanesthetic colonoscopy in the preoperative preparation.

喷孔上游涡流发生器诱导下的横向射流流动特性研究

目的:通过在喷孔上游安装涡流发生器(VG)来研究超声速横向射流(JISC)的流动特性。采用纳米粒子平面激光散射(NPLS)和空间粒子图像测速(SPIV)技术对流场进行观测,并设计三种工况进行对比实验,以研究横向射流的流动特性。创新点:1.采用NPLS和SPIV为实验观测手段,定量化地研究涡流发生器对超声速来流的穿透深度和横向扩散的影响;2.根据实验观测结果展示涡流发生器与横向射流相互作用的流场特性,揭示涡流发生器的混合增强机理。方法:1.采用NPLS流场进行观测,获得瞬态流场灰度图(图6、7和10~12),并分析不同观测平面的瞬态流场结构;2.基于瞬态流场灰度图,通过边缘检测和统计分析方法,提取射流穿透深度和横向扩散边界(图14),并对涡流发生器的混合增强效果进行分析;3.采用SPIV技术对流场进行观测,获得多个观测截面的平均速度场,并根据速度场计算涡量场(图8、11和15),揭示射流流向涡的涡量分布。结论:1.在设计的三个实验工况中,CASE0是横向射流基本工况;与CASE0相比,CASE1中的VG在喷孔附近的羽流两侧产生了两个诱导涡,在形态上形成了一个耳朵形涡结构;CASE2中VG尾流的间歇性大尺度涡对射流迎风侧的诱导涡起主导作用,产生了一个大尺度流向涡。2.与CASE0相比,CASE1中射流的穿透深度和横向扩散边界分别增加了8.5%和17.0%,而CASE2中的穿透深度和横向扩散边界分别增加了26.2%和0.5%;因此,在CASE2中,穿透深度的增加更显著,而横向扩散没有明显改善,这与相互作用模式的涡结构特性有关。3.涡量分布表明,CASE1中存在一个复杂流向涡系统,且VG的尾流在射流反转旋涡对(CVP)的内侧形成了一对诱导涡,而在CASE0中,诱导涡应该在CVP的下方。4.根据多个yoz截面的涡量场分布可以发现,VG促进了射流肾形涡的形成和发展。