Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a common cancer,and the body’s immune responses greatly affect its progression and the prognosis of patients.Immunological suppression and the maintenance of self-tolerance in the tumo...Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a common cancer,and the body’s immune responses greatly affect its progression and the prognosis of patients.Immunological suppression and the maintenance of self-tolerance in the tumor microenvironment are essential responses,and these form part of the theoretical foundations of immunotherapy.In this review,we first discuss the tumor microenvironment of HCC,describe immunosuppression in HCC,and review the major biomarkers used to track HCC progression and response to treatment.We then examine antibody-based therapies,with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),monoclonal antibodies that target key proteins in the immune response(programmed cell death protein 1,anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4,and programmed deathligand 1)which have transformed the treatment of HCC and other cancers.ICIs may be used alone or in conjunction with various targeted therapies for patients with advanced HCC who are receiving first-line treatments or subsequent treatments.We also discuss the use of different cellular immunotherapies,including T cell receptor(TCR)T cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T cell therapy.We then review the use of HCC vaccines,adjuvant immunotherapy,and oncolytic virotherapy,and describe the goals of future research in the development of treatments for HCC.展开更多
The stomatal pores of plant leaves control gas exchange with the environment.Stomatal development is prevised regulated by both internal genetic programs and environmental cues.Among various environmental factors,ligh...The stomatal pores of plant leaves control gas exchange with the environment.Stomatal development is prevised regulated by both internal genetic programs and environmental cues.Among various environmental factors,light regulation of stomata formation has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis.In this review,we summarize recent advances in the genetic control of stomata development and its regulation by light.We also present a comparative analysis of the conserved and diverged stomatal regulatory networks between Arabidopsis and cereal grasses.Lastly,we provide our perspectives on manipulation of the stomata density on plant leaves for the purpose of breeding crops that are better adapted to the adverse environment and high-density planting conditions.展开更多
基金supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Gansu Province(21JR7RA374,20JR10RA674)Gansu Provincial Major Science and Technology Project(23ZDWA003)+1 种基金the Provincial-level special funds for military-civilian integration development from the Department of Finance of Gansu Province,the First Hospital of Lanzhou University Intramural Fund(ldyyyn2020-20,ldyyyn2019-45)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(82060119).
文摘Hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC)is a common cancer,and the body’s immune responses greatly affect its progression and the prognosis of patients.Immunological suppression and the maintenance of self-tolerance in the tumor microenvironment are essential responses,and these form part of the theoretical foundations of immunotherapy.In this review,we first discuss the tumor microenvironment of HCC,describe immunosuppression in HCC,and review the major biomarkers used to track HCC progression and response to treatment.We then examine antibody-based therapies,with a focus on immune checkpoint inhibitors(ICIs),monoclonal antibodies that target key proteins in the immune response(programmed cell death protein 1,anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte associated protein 4,and programmed deathligand 1)which have transformed the treatment of HCC and other cancers.ICIs may be used alone or in conjunction with various targeted therapies for patients with advanced HCC who are receiving first-line treatments or subsequent treatments.We also discuss the use of different cellular immunotherapies,including T cell receptor(TCR)T cell therapy and chimeric antigen receptor(CAR)T cell therapy.We then review the use of HCC vaccines,adjuvant immunotherapy,and oncolytic virotherapy,and describe the goals of future research in the development of treatments for HCC.
基金H.W.is supported by a project sponsored by the Education Department of Guangdong Province(2018KQNCX022).
文摘The stomatal pores of plant leaves control gas exchange with the environment.Stomatal development is prevised regulated by both internal genetic programs and environmental cues.Among various environmental factors,light regulation of stomata formation has been extensively studied in Arabidopsis.In this review,we summarize recent advances in the genetic control of stomata development and its regulation by light.We also present a comparative analysis of the conserved and diverged stomatal regulatory networks between Arabidopsis and cereal grasses.Lastly,we provide our perspectives on manipulation of the stomata density on plant leaves for the purpose of breeding crops that are better adapted to the adverse environment and high-density planting conditions.