Application of the quadrilateral area coordinate method:a new element for laminated composite plate bending problems

Recently, some new quadrilateral finite elements were successfully developed by the Quadrilateral Area Coordinate （QAC） method. Compared with those traditional models using isoparametric coordinates, these new models are less sensitive to mesh distortion. In this paper, a new displacement-based, 4-node 20-DOF （5-DOF per node） quadrilateral bending element based on the first-order shear deformation theory for analysis of arbitrary laminated composite plates is presented. Its bending part is based on the element AC-MQ4, a recent-developed high-performance Mindlin-Reissner plate element formulated by QAC method and the generalized conforming condition method; and its in-plane displacement fields are interpolated by bilinear shape functions in isoparametric coordinates. Furthermore, the hybrid post-rocessing procedure, which was firstly proposed by the authors, is employed again to improve the stress solutions, especially for the transverse shear stresses. The resulting element, denoted as AC-MQ4-LC, exhibits excellent performance in all linear static and dynamic numerical examples. It demonstrates again that the QAC method, the generalized conforming condition method, and the hybrid post-processing procedure are efficient tools for developing simple, effective and reliable finite element models.

Effect of Combined Application of Organic Fertilizer and Chemical Fertilizer in Different Ratios on Growth,Yield and Quality of Fluecured Tobacco

The effect of different ratio of organic and inorganic fertilizers on the growth and the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco was studied.Using randomized blocks design,the data of the test materials K326 were analyzed by using variance analysis,significance test and other methods.The release efficiency of organic fertilizer in the soil was slower,and the effect of organic fertilizer on the growth of tobacco plants was worse than that of chemical fertilizers,and under 25% organic fertilizer + 75% chemical fertilizer treatment,the quality of the fluecured tobacco was good.Under the treatment of 50% organic fertilizer + 50% chemical fertilizer,the production of flue-cured tobacco was high and the ratio of first-class tobacco was high.It is suggested that the organic fertilizer application ratio should be 25%-50% in the agricultural production.

Effect of Different Boron Fertilizer Supply Patterns and Levels on Growth,Development and Quality of Flue-Cured Tobacco

Boron,one of the essential trace elements for normal growth and development of tobacco,has a great impact on the yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. The objective of this study is to explore the best pattern and level of boron fertilizer supply of red soil in the Honghe tobacco area. In this study,the randomized block design was used to study different boron fertilizer supply methods and levels. The results showed that during transplanting,it was good to apply 1. 50 kg/ha Fertibor boron with pure boron content≥15%; at the resettling stage,it was good to spray 225 kg solution composed of 75 m L/ha Compo liquid boron with pure boron content≥130 g/L mixed with water onto leaves when night fell in a sunny day. The two fertilization methods had better effect than the basal application of boron fertilizer,and the resistance to pests and diseases or economic character of tobacco plants was better than under spraying treatment.

Study on Climate Changes for Flue-Cured Tobacco Growth in Chenzhou City of Hunan Province

Chenzhou city is the most typical region of Nanling Hill Ecological Zone of flue-cured tobacco with of aroma style of burnt sweet and pure sweet in China and is the largest planting region of flue-cured tobacco in Hunan province. It is of significance to study the changes of climatic parameters with time because climate is the most important factor in determining the growth, yield and quality of flue-cured tobacco. In this study, the data of climatic parameters including cumulative sunshine hours(S), mean temperature (T) and cumulative precipitation (P)from 1952 to 2018 in Chenzhou were used to analyze their changes at the scales of year, whole field period and growing period of flue-cured tobacco. The results showed that at the scale of year, the cumulative S, mean T and cumulative P were ranged from 1029.0 h to 2072.1 h, from 17.1°C to 19.5°Cand from 897.1 mm to 2244.6 mm, with the means of 1449.7 h, 18.1°C and 1482.5 mm, respectively. At the scale of whole field period of flue-cured tobacco, the cumulative S, mean T and cumulative P were ranged from 298.1 h to 807.2 h, from 21.2°C to 23.9°C and from 416.7 mm to 1102.7 mm, with the means of 514.8 h, 22.3°C and 719.0 mm, respectively. At the scale of growing period of flue-cured tobacco, the annual cumulative S were ranged from 70.0 h to 257.2 h, from 77.3 h to 322.5 h and from 131.2 h to 300.3 h in the periods of rooting, flourishing and maturing with the means of 127.8 h, 190.4 h and 197.2 h, respectively. The mean temperatures were ranged from 14.2°C to 18.9°C, from 22.2°C to 26.1°C, and from 25.8°C to 29.6°C with the means of 16.4°C, 24.1°C and 28.0°C, respectively. The annual cumulative P were ranged from 69.9 mm to 553.9 mm, from 133.1 mm to 485.6 mm and from 46.4 mm to 356.8 mm in the periods of rooting, flourishing and maturing with the means of 262.5 mm, 299.9 mm and 153.9 mm, respectively. At the year scale, cumulative S annually decreased by 7.587 h, mean T annually increased by 0.02°C, while cumulative P changed irregularly with insignificantly increasing about by 0.184 mm annually. At the scale of whole field period of flue-cured tobacco, mean T annually increased by 0.0195°C, while both cumulative S and P changed irregularly with insignificantly decreasing by 1.64 h and 1.62 mm annually, respectively. At the scale of growing period of flue-cured tobacco, all climatic parameters changed irregularly except cumulative S in significant positive compound function in the maturing period. Meanwhile, the slight decreasing tendency of cumulative sunshine hours and the slight increasing tendency of cumulative precipitation are disadvantageous while the slight increasing tendency of cumulative precipitation in the maturing period is positive for the growth and quality of flue-cured tobacco.

UAV image target localization method based on outlier filter and frame buffer

With rapid development of UAV technology,research on UAV image analysis has gained attention.As the existing techniques of UAV target localization often rely on additional equipment,a method of UAV target localization based on depth estimation has been proposed.However,the unique perspective of UAVs poses challenges such as the significant field of view variations and the presence of dynamic objects in the scene.As a result,the existing methods of depth estimation and scale recovery cannot be directly applied to UAV perspectives.Additionally,there is a scarcity of depth estimation datasets tailored for UAV perspectives,which makes supervised algorithms impractical.To address these issues,an outlier filter is introduced to enhance the applicability of depth estimation networks to target localization.A frame buffer method is proposed to achieve more accurate scale recovery,so as to handle complex scene textures in UAV images.The proposed method demonstrates a 14.29%improvement over the baseline.Compared with the average recovery results from UAV perspectives,the difference is only 0.88%,approaching the performance of scale recovery using ground truth labels.Furthermore,to overcome the limited availability of traditional UAV depth datasets,a method for generating depth labels from video sequences is proposed.Compared to state-of-the-art methods,the proposed approach achieves higher accuracy in depth estimation and stands for the first attempt at target localization using image sequences.Proposed algorithm and dataset are available at https://github.com/uav-tan/uav-object-localization.

富勒烯:美丽世界的尊贵访客

回顾了富勒烯科学的发展简史,从国际国内两个视角论述了富勒烯科学的发展现状,对富勒烯在化妆品等领域的应用前景进行了展望。

基于混酸回流制备碳点的中和过程

作为碳纳米材料家族的一颗新星,碳点因具有奇特的光致发光特性、良好的生物相容性和稳定性而受到广泛关注。其制备方法通常可以归纳为“自上而下”和“自下而上”两种,而混酸回流是一种自上而下制备碳点的重要方法,中和是其中不可缺少的步骤。本文以富勒烯副产炭灰为原料,利用混酸回流方法制备了黄光发射的碳点,系统研究了NaOH、Na_(2)CO_(3)、K_(2)CO_(3)和NH_(3)∙H_(2)O四种不同中和试剂对碳点结构和发光特性的影响。热重分析、傅里叶变换红外光谱和X射线光电子能谱的研究结果表明:中和试剂的改变,影响碳点表面酸性官能团的解离程度,该结论被表面活性剂复配体系的相行为研究结果所印证。碳点结构的变化,影响了碳点的表面态,导致碳点光谱特性,如紫外-可见吸收和荧光光谱的改变。选用了四种中和试剂中,Na_(2)CO_(3)处理得到的碳点表现出最优的发光性能。我们的研究还表明:中和试剂的选用是调节混酸回流方式,制备碳点性能的重要途径。而且碳点反离子的改变对其发光性能也具有明显影响。总之,中和试剂的碱性和反离子种类共同影响着碳点的表面结构,带来了不同的性能。这项工作提示着研究者在未来制备碳点时有必要将中和试剂的种类作为一项实验条件。

An Approach to Dynamic Asymptotic Estimation for Hurst Index of Network Traffic

As an important parameter to describe the sudden nature of network traffic, Hurst index typically conducts behaviors of both self-similarity and long-range dependence. With the evolution of network traffic over time, more and more data are generated. Hurst index estimation value changes with it, which is strictly consistent with the asymptotic property of long-range dependence. This paper presents an approach towards dynamic asymptotic estimation for Hurst index. Based on the calculations in terms of the incremental part of time series, the algorithm enjoys a considerable reduction in computational complexity. Moreover, the local sudden nature of network traffic can be readily captured by a series of real-time Hurst index estimation values dynamically. The effectiveness and tractability of the proposed approach are demonstrated through the traffic data from OPNET simulations as well as real network, respectively.

Network Sorting Algorithm of Multi-Frequency Signal with Adaptive SNR

An signal noise ratio（ SNR） adaptive sorting algorithm using the time-frequency（ TF）sparsity of frequency-hopping（ FH） signal is proposed in this paper. Firstly,the Gabor transformation is used as TF transformation in the system and a sorting model is established under undetermined condition; then the SNR adaptive pivot threshold setting method is used to find the TF single source. The mixed matrix is estimated according to the TF matrix of single source. Lastly,signal sorting is realized through improved subspace projection combined with relative power deviation of source. Theoretical analysis and simulation results showthat this algorithm has good effectiveness and performance.

Lyotropic liquid crystals of tetradecyldimethylaminoxide in water and the in situ formation of gold nanomaterials

Lyotropic liquid crystals(LLCs)produced by the self-assembly of surfactant in water represent an important class of highly ordered soft materials that have a wide range of applications.This study investigates the LLCs formed by a zwitterionic surfactant(tetradecyldimethylaminoxide,C 14 DMAO)in water.The organization of C 14 DMAO within the LLCs was determined based on a detailed analysis of small-angle X-ray scattering measure-ments and polarized microscopy observations of a typical sample.Additional to the singe-phase region,which has a hexagonal organization,several two-phase regions were observed,exhibiting the coexistence of hexago-nal/cubic,cubic/lamellar,and hexagonal/lamellar phases.The phase behavior showed an obvious dependence on temperature,with more pronounced two-phase regions at lower temperatures.Using the LLCs as a matrix,Au nanospheres,nanoellipsoids,and nanorods were prepared without requiring additional reducing reagents.These three-and one-dimensional Au nanomaterials could be converted to two-dimensional plates via the introduc-tion of a small amount of cationic surfactant to the LLCs,such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide(CTAB)and 1-hexadecyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide([C 16 MIm]B),which showed pronounced surface-enhanced Raman scattering activity towards solid rhodamine.The LLCs loaded with CTAB(or[C 16 MIm]B)and HAuCl 4 exhibited slightly different structures and mechanical strength from the original LLCs,thereby forming a new class of highly crowded colloidal materials.

表面活性剂:化学世界古老又年轻的成员

表面活性剂(surfactant)是一类结构特殊的有机化合物,历史悠久,种类繁多[1,2].传统的表面活性剂分子结构中同时含有亲水和疏水两部分,因而具有降低水表面张力的能力——而这也正是它们名称的由来.在学科分类中,表面活性剂属于物理化学属下的胶体与界面化学的研究范畴;同时,又与其他学科有着千丝万缕的联系.比如:表面活性剂能够在溶液中自发形成高度有序的超分子结构,与热力学中的熵增定律背道而驰;各种自组装结构刚好处于纳米科学的研究范围,且能够被用来作为合成其他纳米材料的模板.

Experimental-based study of gear vibration characteristics incorporating the fractal topography of tooth surface

Microscopic roughness is inevitable on the gear meshing surface,which is also a key parameter affecting the dynamic response.The surface roughness exhibits self‐affine characteristics across multiscales.To explore the influence of surface fractal topography on the vibration amplitude of the gear system under different rotational speeds and loads,an experimental setup of spur gear transmission is devised.The fractal dimension and fractal roughness of the meshing surface are calculated by the power spectral density method.The relationships between gear response and fractal parameters are revealed experimentally.Results indicate that a rougher tooth surface,that is,a smaller fractal dimension or larger fractal roughness,corresponds to an intense vibration amplitude.The sensitivity of dynamic response to the tooth surface topography varies at different rotational speeds and loads.Under low speed and light load conditions,the fractal dimension and fractal roughness have a more obvious influence on the dynamic response of the gear transmission system.With the increase of speed and load,the macroworking conditions gradually become the main factor attributed to vibration amplitude.

Multi-block SSD based on small object detection for UAV railway scene surveillance

A method of multi-block Single Shot Multi Box Detector(SSD)based on small object detection is proposed to the railway scene of unmanned aerial vehicle surveillance.To address the limitation of small object detection,a multi-block SSD mechanism,which consists of three steps,is designed.First,the original input images are segmented into several overlapped patches.Second,each patch is separately fed into an SSD to detect the objects.Third,the patches are merged together through two stages.In the first stage,the truncated object of the sub-layer detection result is spliced.In the second stage,a sub-layer suppression and filtering algorithm applying the concept of non-maximum suppression is utilized to remove the overlapped boxes of sub-layers.The boxes that are not detected in the main-layer are retained.In addition,no sufficient labeled training samples of railway circumstance are available,thereby hindering the deployment of SSD.A two-stage training strategy leveraging to transfer learning is adopted to solve this issue.The deep learning model is preliminarily trained using labeled data of numerous auxiliaries,and then it is refined using only a few samples of railway scene.A railway spot in China,which is easily damaged by landslides,is investigated as a case study.Experimental results show that the proposed multi-block SSD method produces an overall accuracy of 96.6%and obtains an improvement of up to 9.2%compared with the traditional SSD.

Carbon skeleton doped with Co, N, S and P as efficient electrocatalyst for oxygen evolution reaction

A new strategy for the preparation of highly efficient catalyst used in oxygen evolution reaction （OER） in alkaline media was developed. A Co-containing carbonitride polymer network （CoCN） was selected as a structural-direct- ing template and a hypercross-linked polymer containing S and P, which formed on CoCN skeleton in situ, was used as a cover. After calcination at 450℃ for 2 h, an interconnected nanostructure was obtained and showed excellent activity and high stability for electrochemical water splitting. Trace amount of Co and other heteroatoms including N, S, P and the formed Co-N and Co-O species are essential for the im- pressive catalysis performance. The calcination temperature of 450℃ is optimal to the catalysis performance. These results suggest that Co in addition to heteroatom-doped （S, P） car- bonitride could be used as a supplement and/or an alternative to noble metal oxides for water splitting.

Energy measurement system of a large-aperture high power laser experiment platform

An energy measurement system in a large-aperture high power laser experiment platform is introduced. The entire measurement system includes five calorimeters, which carry out the energy measurement of the fundamental frequency before the frequency conversion unit, remaining fundamental frequency, remaining second-harmonics, third-harmonics,as well as the energy balance measurement after the frequency conversion unit. Combinational indirect calibration and direct calibration are employed to calibrate the sampling coefficients of the calorimeters. The analysis of the data showed that, regarding the energy balance coefficients, combinational calibration approach gives a higher precision, and leads to an energy balance with 1%; and regarding the energy sampling coefficients for the various wavelengths after the frequency conversion, the results from direct and combinational calibration are consistent. The uncertainties for all energy sampling coefficients are within 3%, which guarantees the reliability of the energy measurement for the laser facility.