To the Editor:Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of bictegravir(B),emtricitabine(F),and tenofovir alafenamide(TAF)in achieving virological suppression in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected patient...To the Editor:Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of bictegravir(B),emtricitabine(F),and tenofovir alafenamide(TAF)in achieving virological suppression in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected patients.Virological suppression can be influenced by various factors,with baseline HIV-1 RNA being a critical consideration.Guidelines often use a baseline HIV RNA level of>500,000 copies/mL as the primary reference indicator for drug selection.[1]However,previous studies on the effectiveness of B/F/TAF have not specifically analyzed patients with baseline HIV RNA>500,000 copies/mL.In Chongqing,China,where the prevalence of advanced HIV among hospitalized patients living with HIV exceeds 70%,[2]up to 25%of patients have baseline HIV-1 RNA>500,000 copies/mL in our study,and many patients have opportunistic infections.In such a complex medical setting,the virological suppression rates of patients using B/F/TAF remain uncertain.展开更多
We demonstrate a heuristic approach for optimizing the posterior density of the data association tracking algorithm via the random finite set(RFS)theory.Specifically,we propose an adjusted version of the joint probabi...We demonstrate a heuristic approach for optimizing the posterior density of the data association tracking algorithm via the random finite set(RFS)theory.Specifically,we propose an adjusted version of the joint probabilistic data association(JPDA)filter,known as the nearest-neighbor set JPDA(NNSJPDA).The target labels in all possible data association events are switched using a novel nearest-neighbor method based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence,with the goal of improving the accuracy of the marginalization.Next,the distribution of the target-label vector is considered.The transition matrix of the target-label vector can be obtained after the switching of the posterior density.This transition matrix varies with time,causing the propagation of the distribution of the target-label vector to follow a non-homogeneous Markov chain.We show that the chain is inherently doubly stochastic and deduce corresponding theorems.Through examples and simulations,the effectiveness of NNSJPDA is verified.The results can be easily generalized to other data association approaches under the same RFS framework.展开更多
基金supported by grants from the first batch of Key Public Health Key Discipline Construction Project(Junior College),Chongqing Science and Technology Bureau(No.CSTB2022TIAD-KPX0180)the Joint Medical Research Projects of Chongqing Municipal Health Committee and Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(No.2022QNXM032)+2 种基金Chongqing Talent Cultivation Program(No.cstc2021 ycjh-bgzxm0275)the Joint Medical Research Projects of Chongqing Municipal Health Committee and Chongqing Municipal Science and Technology Bureau(No.2020FYYX066)Chongqing Medical Scientific Research Project(Joint project of Chongqing Health Commission and Science and Technology Bureau)(No.2020FYYX118)
文摘To the Editor:Previous studies have demonstrated the efficacy of bictegravir(B),emtricitabine(F),and tenofovir alafenamide(TAF)in achieving virological suppression in human immunodeficiency virus(HIV)-infected patients.Virological suppression can be influenced by various factors,with baseline HIV-1 RNA being a critical consideration.Guidelines often use a baseline HIV RNA level of>500,000 copies/mL as the primary reference indicator for drug selection.[1]However,previous studies on the effectiveness of B/F/TAF have not specifically analyzed patients with baseline HIV RNA>500,000 copies/mL.In Chongqing,China,where the prevalence of advanced HIV among hospitalized patients living with HIV exceeds 70%,[2]up to 25%of patients have baseline HIV-1 RNA>500,000 copies/mL in our study,and many patients have opportunistic infections.In such a complex medical setting,the virological suppression rates of patients using B/F/TAF remain uncertain.
基金Project supported by the National Key Research and Development Program of China(No.2017YFB1402102)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Nos.61907028 and 11872036)+2 种基金the Natural Science Foundation of Shaanxi Province,China(Nos.2020JQ-423,2019JQ-574,and 2019ZDLSF07-01)the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities,China(No.GK201903103)the China Postdoctoral Science Foundation(No.2018M640950)。
文摘We demonstrate a heuristic approach for optimizing the posterior density of the data association tracking algorithm via the random finite set(RFS)theory.Specifically,we propose an adjusted version of the joint probabilistic data association(JPDA)filter,known as the nearest-neighbor set JPDA(NNSJPDA).The target labels in all possible data association events are switched using a novel nearest-neighbor method based on the Kullback-Leibler divergence,with the goal of improving the accuracy of the marginalization.Next,the distribution of the target-label vector is considered.The transition matrix of the target-label vector can be obtained after the switching of the posterior density.This transition matrix varies with time,causing the propagation of the distribution of the target-label vector to follow a non-homogeneous Markov chain.We show that the chain is inherently doubly stochastic and deduce corresponding theorems.Through examples and simulations,the effectiveness of NNSJPDA is verified.The results can be easily generalized to other data association approaches under the same RFS framework.
