Direct evidence for efficient scattering of suprathermal electrons by whistler mode waves in the Martian magnetosphere

Whistler mode waves are critical emissions in magnetized plasmas that usually influence the electron dynamics in a planetary magnetosphere.In this paper,we present a unique event in the Martian magnetosphere in which enhanced whistler mode waves(~10^(−11) V^(2)/m^(2)/Hz)with frequency of 0.1 f_(ce)-0.5 f_(ce) occurred,based on MAVEN data,exactly corresponding to a significant decrease of suprathermal electron fluxes.The diffusion coefficients are calculated by using the observed electric field wave spectra.The pitch angle diffusion coefficient can approach 10^(−2) s^(−1),which is much larger,by~100 times,than the momentum diffusion coefficient,indicating that pitch angle scattering dominates the whistler-electron resonance process.The current results can successfully explain the dropout of the suprathermal electrons in this event.This study provides direct evidence for whistler-driven electron losses in the Martian magnetosphere.

Complex Dynamics Analysis for Cournot Game with Bounded Rationality in Power Market

In order to accurately simulate the game behaviors of the market participants with bounded rationality, a new dynamic Cournot game model of power market considering the constraints of transmission network is proposed in this paper. The model is represented by a discrete differential equations embedded with the maximization problem of the social benefit of market. The Nash equilibrium and its stability in a duopoly game are quantitatively analyzed. It is found that there are different Nash equilibriums with different market parameters corresponding to different operating conditions of power network, i.e., congestion and non-congestion, and even in some cases there is not Nash equilibrium at all. The market dynamic behaviors are numerically simulated, in which the periodic or chaotic behaviors are focused when the market parameters are beyond the stability region of Nash equilibrium.

Demand Responsive Market Decision-Makings and Electricity Pricing Scheme Design in Low-Carbon Energy System Environment

The two-way interaction between smart grid and customers will continuously play an important role in enhan-cing the overall efficiency of the green and low-carbon electric power industry and properly accommodating intermittent renewable energy resources.Thus far,the existing electricity pricing mechanisms hardly match the technical properties of smart grid;neither can they facilitate increasing end users participating in the electri-city market.In this paper,several relevant models and novel methods are proposed for pricing scheme design as well as to achieve optimal decision-makings for market participants,in which the mechanisms behind are com-patible with demand response operation of end users in the smart grid.The electric vehicles and prosumers are jointly considered by complying with the technical constraints and intrinsic economic interests.Based on the demand response of controllable loads,the real-time pricing,rewarding pricing and insurance pricing methods are proposed for the retailers and their bidding decisions for the wholesale market are also presented to increase the penetration level of renewable energy.The proposed demand response oriented electricity pricing scheme can provide some useful operational references on the cooperative operation of controllable loads and renewable energy through the feasible retail and wholesale market pricing methods,and thereby enhancing the development of the low-carbon energy system.

Clinical characteristics and treatment of burn wound sepsis in extensive burn patients: successful experience with eight cases

Eight burn wound sepsis patients, in which 6 cases were diagnosed as MODS and two as septic shock, were treated consecutively in our hospital from September 1997 to October 1998. The plasma concentration of IL-6, IL-8, TNFα and LPS were assayed before and after surgical intervention, as well as when the patients vital signs became stable. The results showed: ①The patients' conditions abruptly deteriorated when the burn wound sepsis emerged.

Vector Segment Routing for Large-Scale Multilayer Satellite Network

With the expansion of satellite constellation,routing techniques for small-scale satellite networks have problems in routing overhead and forwarding efficiency.This paper proposes a vector segment routing method for large-scale multi layer satellite networks.A vector forwarding path is built based on the location between the source and the destination.Data packets are forwarded along this vector path,shielding the influence of satellite motion on routing forwarding.Then,a dynamic route maintenance strategy is suggested.In a multi layer satellite network,the low-orbit satellites are in charge of computing the routing tables for one area,and the routing paths are dynamically adjusted in the area in accordance with the network.The medium-orbit satellites maintain the connectivity of vector paths in multiple segmented areas.The forwarding mode based on the source and destination location improves the forwarding efficiency,and the segmented route maintenance mode decreases the routing overhead.The simulation results indicate that vector segment routing has significant performance advantages in end-to-end delay,packet loss rate,and throughput in a multi layer satellite network.We also simulate the impact of routing table update mechanism on network performance and overhead and give the performance of segmented vector routing in multi layer low-orbit satellite networks.

Guidelines for burn rehabilitation in China

Quality of life and functional recovery after burn injury is the final goal of burn care,especially as most of burn patients survive the injury due to advanced medical science.However,dysfunction,disfigurement,contractures,psychological problems and other discomforts due to burns and the consequent scars are common,and physical therapy and occupational therapy provide alternative treatments for these problems of burn patients.This guideline,organized by the Chinese Burn Association and Chinese Association of Burn Surgeons aims to emphasize the importance of team work in burn care and provide a brief introduction of the outlines of physical and occupational therapies during burn treatment,which is suitable for the current medical circumstances of China.It can be used as the start of the tools for burn rehabilitation.

Coordinated Demand Response of Rail Transit Load and Energy Storage System Considering Driving Comfort

Electric trains typically travel across the railway networks in an inter-provincial,inter-city and intra-city manner.The electric train generally serves as a load/source in tractive/brake mode,through which power networks and railway networks are closely coupled and mutually influenced.Based on the operational mode of rail trains and the characteristics of their load power,this paper proposes a coordinated optimal decisionmaking method of demand response for controllable load of rail trains and energy storage systems.First,a coordinated approach of dynamically adjusting the load of the controllable rail train in considering the driving comfort and energy storage battery is designed.Secondly,under the time conditions that satisfy the train’s operational diagram,the functional relationship between the train speed and the load power is presented.Based on this,in considering the constraints of the train’s arrival time,driving speed,motor power,and driving comfort,the capacity of energy storage batteries and other constraints,an optimization model for demand response in managing the traction power supply system under a two-part price and time-of-use(TOU)price is proposed.The objective is to minimize the energy consumption costs of rail transit trains,and optimize the speed trajectory of rail trains,the load power of traction system,and the output of energy storage batteries.

Multi-objective Distributed Wind Generation Planning in an Unbalanced Distribution System

In addition to increasing penetration of distributed generation(DG),the distribution system power flow may be significantly impacted by direction and magnitude.This paper proposes a method for optimal placement of wind DG considering the unbalanced operation of distribution systems.The objective function includes static voltage stability index,three-phase unbalance index,system reliability index,and DG investment cost.The untransposed distribution lines and unbalanced load are modelled,and corresponding static voltage stability index and system reliability considering DG penetrations are derived.The expected and stochastic daily distributed generation and demand profiles in four seasons are calculated to improve the accuracy.To solve this multi-objective optimization model,a fuzzy membership function is used to integrate the four individual objectives,and a sensitivity-based method is proposed to solve the model efficiently.Case study on IEEE 13-bus distribution 3-phase networks and 123-node test feeder successfully verifies the performance of the proposed approach.