Strongly coupled Te-SnS_(2)/MXene superstructure with self-autoadjustable function for fast and stable potassium ion storage

Potassium-ion batteries(PIBs)are a promising candidate for next-generation electric energy storage applications because of the abundance and low cost of potassium.However,the development of PIBs is limited by sluggish kinetics and huge volume expansion of anodes,leading to poor rate capability and cycling stability.Herein,an advanced superstructure anode,including Te-doped SnS_(2) nanosheets uniformly anchored on MXene surface(Te-SnS_(2)/MXene),is rationally designed for the first time to boost K^(+)storage performance.Featuring with strong interface interaction and self-autoadjustable interlayer spacings,the Te-SnS_(2)/MXene can efficiently accelerate electron/ion transfer,accommodate volume expansion,inhibit crack formation,and improve pseudocapacitive contribution during cycling.Thus,the novel Te-SnS_(2)/MXene anode delivers a high reversible capacity(343.2 mAh g^(-1) after 50 cycles at0.2 A g^(-1)),outstanding rate capability(186.4 mAh g^(-1) at 20 A g^(-1)),long cycle stability(165.8 mAh g^(-1)after 5000 cycles at 10 A g^(-1) with a low electrode swelling rate of only 15.4%),and reliable operation in flexible full battery.The present Te-SnS_(2)/MXene becomes among the best transition metal-based anode materials for PIBs reported to date.

α-Synuclein aggregation and transmission in Parkinson’s disease: a link to mitochondria and lysosome

The presence of intraneuronal Lewy bodies(LBs) and Lewy neurites(LNs) in the substantia nigra(SN) composed of aggregatedα-synuclein(α-syn) has been recognized as a hallmark of pathological changes in Parkinson’s disease(PD). Numerous studies have shown that aggregated α-syn is necessary for neurotoxicity. Meanwhile, the mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions are associated with α-syn pathogenicity. The hypothesis that α-syn transmission in the human brain contributes to the instigation and progression of PD has provided insights into PD pathology. This review will provide a brief overview of increasing researches that shed light on the relationship of α-syn aggregation with mitochondrial and lysosomal dysfunctions, and highlight recent understanding of α-syn transmission in PD pathology.

Poly-PR in C9ORF72-Related Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/Frontotemporal Dementia Causes Neurotoxicity by Clathrin-Dependent Endocytosis

GGGGCC repeat expansions in the C9 ORF72 gene are the most common cause of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and frontotemporal dementia(c9 ALS/FTD). It has been reported that hexanucleotide repeat expansions in C9 ORF72 produce five dipeptide repeat(DPR) proteins by an unconventional repeat-associated non-ATG(RAN)translation. Within the five DPR proteins, poly-PR and poly-GR that contain arginine are more toxic than the other DPRs(poly-GA, poly-GP, and poly-PA). Here, we demonstrated that poly-PR peptides transferred into cells by endocytosis in a clathrin-dependent manner, leading to endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell death. In SH-SY5 Y cells and primary cortical neurons, poly-PR activated JUN amino-terminal kinase(JNK) and increased the levels of p53 and Bax. The uptake of poly-PR peptides by cells was significantly inhibited by knockdown of clathrin or by chlorpromazine, an inhibitor that blocks clathrin-mediated endocytosis. Inhibition of clathrin-dependent endocytosis by chlorpromazine significantly blocked the transfer of poly-PR peptides into cells, and attenuated poly-PRinduced JNK activation and cell death. Our data revealed that the uptake of poly-PR undergoes clathrin-dependentendocytosis and blockade of this process prevents the toxic effects of synthetic poly-PR peptides.

Air-drying changes the distribution of Hedley phosphorus pools in forest soils

Hedley labile phosphorus(P)pools in soil tend to be several times larger than annual forest requirements,even in highly weathered soils characterized by P limitation.The discrepancy between plant and soil P status could be partly attributable to the frequently adopted air-drying pretreatment that tends to increase soil P solubility.In this study,the effects of air-drying on the distribution of Hedley P fractions were examined using soils collected under 4 forest types at Gongga Mountain,southwestern China.The results showed that the microbial biomass P(Pmic)in the organic horizon decreased markedly after air-drying.The concentrations of Hedley labile P in the air-dried samples were 31%–73%more than those in the field-moist samples.Consequently,the air-drying-induced increments of Hedley labile P pools in the surface soil horizons were 0.8–3.8 times the annual plant P requirements.The organic horizon was more susceptible to the air-drying-induced increases in Hedley labile P than the mineral horizon,probably because of the stronger release of Pmicand disruption of soil organic matter.The quality of P,indexed by the ratio of Hedley labile P to slowly cycling P,shifted in favor of the Hedley labile fractions after air-drying,further revealing that air-drying changed the distribution of Hedley P pools in forest soils.These indicated that the effects of air-drying could not be ignored when interpreting the discrepancy between the P status of plants and the Hedley labile P pools in forest soils.To more efficiently evaluate the P status in forest soils via the Hedley fractionation procedure,the use of field-moist soils is recommended.

Incubation experiment demonstrates effects of carbon and nitrogen on microbial phosphate-solubilizing function

Dear Editor,Phosphorus（P）ultimately comes from rock weathering in natural ecosystems（Porder et al.,2007）,and thus solubilization of rock phosphate plays a crucial ecological role in P supply for the ecosystems.Especially,microbial solubilization of rock phosphate is a vital process for the replenishment of available P in alpine ecosystems where the weathering degree of soil is low.

Current status and trends in antimicrobial use in food animals in China,2018-2020

Antimicrobial resistance poses a significant threat to global public health,and excessive antimicrobial use(AMU)in animals is a major contributing factor.We used national AMU data for food animals to examine the current status and trends for AMU in food animals in China from 2018-2020.In 2020,China used 32,776.30 tons of antimicrobials in food animals,amounting to 165 g of antimicrobials per ton of animal products.AMU in China increased throughout the 2018-2020 study period;however,the data still showed a consistent and notable reduction from those of 2017,coinciding with the implementation of the China National Action Plan for Combating Animal Antimicrobial Resistance.Among the antimicrobials used,tetracyclines,macrolides andβ-lactams(includingβ-lactam inhibitors)were the most commonly used in food animals.Analysis by antimicrobial class revealed shifts in usage patterns,such as decreased tetracycline use and increased macrolide andβ-lactam use.Furthermore,the use of antimicrobial growth promoters decreased sharply,from 51.78%in 2018 to 28.7%in 2020.Compared with AMU data from other countries,China used more antimicrobials,but the values were relatively lower when adjusted for population correction units.These findings highlight China’s remarkable efforts in combating antimicrobial resistance and promoting antimicrobial stewardship,thus contributing significantly to global initiatives.

Local Circuits in the Cerebellum Interact with Biochemical Events

In a recent study published in Signal Transduction and Targeted Therapy,Liu et al.[1]studied a particular circuit from lobules IV/V in the cerebellar vermis to neurons within the fastigial nucleus(FN),which regulates sensorimotor coordination.