Cold storage alters the fat-trehalose trade-off,decreases the flight ability,and maintains the high survival rate and flight speed of Osmia excavata(Hymenoptera:Megachilidae)

Osmia solitary bees are important pollinators of various crops worldwide.Refrigeration has been widely used to synchronize the emergence time of Osmia species from cocoons with the blooming time of different crops,but the fitness of Osmia after refrigeration remains unknown.Here,the effects of long-term refrigeration at 0℃on the vitality,flight ability,and metabolism of Osmia excavata,which is known as the"king of pollination"in China,were studied.The survival rate(>90%before 120 d),weight loss rate(<15%after 170 d),and mean flight speed of 0.excavata were not greatly affected after long-term refrigeration.The content of fats,which have antifreeze and energy storage properties,was not significantly altered in O.excavata before 130 d of refrigeration,which might explain why the survival rates and flight speed of O.excavata remained high after long-term refrigeration.However,the flight duration and distance decreased significantly(P<0.05),and both were positively correlated with the reduced trehalose levels in 0.excavata(r=[+0.69]-[+0.71];P<0.05).Overall,these findings indicate that the pollination potential of O.excavata for various crops with different flowering periods is high after long-term refrigeration;however,long-term refrigeration may decrease pollination efficiency.Our findings highlight new research directions that could improve the ecological service function of refrigerated O.excavata.

Increased nitrogen fertilization inhibits the biocontrol activity promoted by the intercropping partner plant

The examination of the compatibility between agricultural practices and biocontrol activities is crucial for establishing an efficient,eco-friendly,and sustainable pest management program.In this study,we examined the population dynamics of two specialist aphids,the English grain aphid(Sitobion avenae)on potted wheat and the pea aphid(Acyrthosiphon pisum)on potted alfalfa,as well as the biocontrol activity of a generalist predator,the harlequin ladybird beetle(Harmonia axyridis).We investigated their responses to the presence of the intercropping partner plant species(alfalfa and wheat,respectively)through plant volatiles or visual cues at three nitrogen fertilizer levels in a greenhouse.In the absence of the predator,the English grain aphid population growth rate increased significantly with increasing nitrogen levels,whereas the pea aphid population increased significantly more slowly in response to high nitrogen levels.The English grain aphid and pea aphid population dynamics were unaffected by the presence of the intercropping partner.However,the presence of the intercropping partner enhanced the control of both aphid populations by the harlequin ladybird beetle.Increasing nitrogen fertilizer levels decreased the predation rates,which were otherwise increased by the intercropping partner.The beneficial effects of the intercropping partner were eventually non-existent at the highest nitrogen level tested.These results imply that the interaction between the presence of intercropping partner and the nitrogen fertilizer application affects the biocontrol activity of the natural enemies of insect pests.Thus,the compatibility between agricultural intensification and biocontrol strategies in integrated pest management programs need to be investigated.