Traditionally fermented shrimp paste has a long fermentation period and is susceptible of external factors,which leads to unstable quality and limits its development and application.Therefore,the purpose of this study...Traditionally fermented shrimp paste has a long fermentation period and is susceptible of external factors,which leads to unstable quality and limits its development and application.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to analyze the flavor changes in the shrimp paste fermentation process and screen out the key volatile aroma components in the shrimp paste to control the flavor quality of the shrimp paste products.The overall odor profile was detected by the electronic nose.A total of 106 volatile flavor compounds in the shrimp paste samples at different fermentation stages were identified by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS)and headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry(HS-GC-IMS).The main aroma components alcohols,aldehydes,pyrazines and other substances in the fermentation process showed an overall upward trend.A total of 17 key volatile aroma components in shrimp paste at different fermentation stages were identified by the relative aroma activity value(ROAV)method.The combination of electronic nose,SPME-GC-MS and HS-GC-IMS could comprehensively reflect the changes of volatile components in shrimp paste at different fermentation stages,which helps to further understand the mechanism of shrimp paste flavor formation and provides a basis for the regulation of the flavor quality of shrimp paste products.展开更多
Shrimp sauce,one of the traditional salt-fermented food in China,has a unique flavor that is influenced by the resident microflora.The quality of salt-fermented shrimp sauce was evaluated in this work by determining t...Shrimp sauce,one of the traditional salt-fermented food in China,has a unique flavor that is influenced by the resident microflora.The quality of salt-fermented shrimp sauce was evaluated in this work by determining the total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N),the amino acid nitrogen(AAN),organic acid,5’-nucleotide and free amino acids(FAA).Moreover,the dynamics of microbial diversity during processing was investigated by using high-throughput sequencing technology.The results showed that the AAN,TVB-N,organic acid,5’-nucleotide and FAA content were in range of 0.93-1.42 g/100 mL,49.91-236.27 mg/100 mL,6.65-20.68 mg/mL,3.51-6.56 mg/mL and 81.27-102.90 mg/mL.Among the microbial diversity found in the shrimp sauce,Tetragenococcus,Flavobacterium,Polaribacter,Haematospirillum and Staphylococcus were the predominant genera.Correlation analysis indicated that the bacteria Tetragenococcus and Staphylococcus were important in the formation of non-volatile compounds.Tetragenococcus positively correlated with a variety of FAAs;Staphylococcus positively correlated with 5’-nucleotides.The analysis indicated that Tetragenococcus and Staphylococcus were the core genera affecting non-volatile components.These findings indicate the dynamics of the bacterial community and non-volatile components inter-relationships during shrimp sauce fermentation and provide a theoretical basis for improving the fermentation process of shrimp sauce.展开更多
In this study, a gene encoding serine protease(PmSpr288)from cold-adapted bacterium, namely Planococcus maritimus XJ11, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that...In this study, a gene encoding serine protease(PmSpr288)from cold-adapted bacterium, namely Planococcus maritimus XJ11, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PmSpr288 belongs to serine protease S8 superfamily with a classical catalytic triad comprised by the Asp49, His86 and Ser251. Moreover, PmSpr288 was found to be active over broad alkaline pH and low-moderate temperature, and exhibited wide range of protein substrate specificity. In addition, PmSpr288 was able to hydrolyze the meat proteins actin and myosin, and molecular docking results suggested that the crucial interaction between PmSpr288 and actin/myosin complexes was mainly occupied by hydrogen bonds. The muscle protein hydrolysates of silver carp prepared by PmSpr288 was shown to have antioxidant activity via DPPH radical scavenging assay, which presented an IC_(50) valve of 1.309 mg/mL. In conclusion, these characteristics imply that PmSpr288 has potential biotechnological application prospect for the production of bioactive peptides.展开更多
[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the process of soil nitrogen mineralization in Eucalyptus plantations,and to identify the characteristics of soil nitrogen mineralization with different litter inputs...[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the process of soil nitrogen mineralization in Eucalyptus plantations,and to identify the characteristics of soil nitrogen mineralization with different litter inputs.[Methods]With the soil of the Eucalyptus plantation in Fusui County,Guangxi as the research object,the soil nitrogen mineralization of the Eucalyptus plantation under different litter treatments(removing litter,adding litter and retaining litter)was studied by PVC tube closed-top in-situ incubation.[Results]①After 1 year of litter treatment,the inorganic nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N+NO_(3)^(-)-N)in the soil of different treatments ranked as adding litter(20.15 mg/kg)>retaining litter(16.02 mg/kg)>removing litter(11.60) mg/kg),and the differences reached a significant level(P<0.05).②After 30 d of in-situ incubation,there were significant differences in soil nitrate nitrogen content before and after incubation in the three treatments(removing litter,adding litter,and retaining litter)before and after incubation(P<0.05),but no significant differences were observed in soil ammonium nitrogen content(P>0.05).Soil nitrate nitrogen contents increased from 1.47,2.01 and 1.72 mg/kg before incubation to 3.66,6.73 and 5.02 mg/kg,respectively,and soil ammonium nitrogen content increased from 11.60,20.15 and 16.02 mg/kg before incubation to 13.65,21.54 and 17.18 mg/kg,respectively.The net nitrogen mineralization quantities of the three treatments were 4.24,6.11 and 4.46 mg/kg,respectively,and the net nitrogen mineralization rates from large to small were adding litter[0.180 mg/(kg·d)]>retaining litter[0.141 mg/(kg·d)]>removing litter[0.125 mg/(kg·d)].Therefore,both removal and addition of litter affected the soil nitrogen input and nitrogen mineralization rate of the Eucalyptus plantation,thereby affecting soil nitrogen availability and the ability of soil to maintain plant-available nitrogen.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for nutrient management in Eucalyptus plantations,especially nitrogen nutrient management.展开更多
Since the beginning of grape cultivation in the 1980 s in Wuhan City,the grape industry has shown a steady growth trend. Through the survey of the local grape industry,it found out the regional distribution,scale and ...Since the beginning of grape cultivation in the 1980 s in Wuhan City,the grape industry has shown a steady growth trend. Through the survey of the local grape industry,it found out the regional distribution,scale and benefits of the grape,as well as the variety structure and cultivation management mode. It analyzed main problems in the grape production,including low degree of organization,concentrated maturity,low rate of good fruit,small cultivation scale,and low labor-saving and high-efficiency cultivation technologies. On the basis of the development status,it came up with pertinent recommendations,including optimizing the variety structure,implementing standardized management,strengthening construction of sightseeing parks,promoting integration of primary and tertiary industries,and developing the gardening experience,to promote healthy and sustainable development of the grape industry.展开更多
Fly fire is an elite variety of North American Begonia( Malus micromalus),which is characterized with dark red flowers,red young leaves,red peel,red bark,large flower amount,long flowering period and long fruit bear...Fly fire is an elite variety of North American Begonia( Malus micromalus),which is characterized with dark red flowers,red young leaves,red peel,red bark,large flower amount,long flowering period and long fruit bearing period. It is propagated mainly through grafting,and is suitable for popularization and application in the landscape of the Yangtze River basin and north of the Yangtze River.展开更多
The College English Test Band Six(CET-6)is one of the most widely applied exam across China.As a national teaching test,CET-6 is sponsored by the Department of higher education of the Ministry of education of The Peo...The College English Test Band Six(CET-6)is one of the most widely applied exam across China.As a national teaching test,CET-6 is sponsored by the Department of higher education of the Ministry of education of The People’s Republic of China and held twice a year.In this study,77 sophomores of different majors were tested using the listening test in June 2018.It is ensured that the test method is exactly same as that of CET-6.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the content and specification of CET-6 listening comprehension test,and to evaluate this part in detail according to the real data,including score report and item analysis,trying to provide some enlightenment for the revision of the examination.展开更多
As the leading party of the engineering talents cultivation,the colleges and universities not only need to solve the problem for the benefits of teachers who provide the daily management to the students in the enterpr...As the leading party of the engineering talents cultivation,the colleges and universities not only need to solve the problem for the benefits of teachers who provide the daily management to the students in the enterprises, but also consider the safety problems of students who participates the Excellent Program.At the same time。展开更多
In the face of higher education is full of vigor and vitality,active thinking of student groups, they have a strong thirst for knowledge, and actively explore new problems, and strongly expressed their own views of th...In the face of higher education is full of vigor and vitality,active thinking of student groups, they have a strong thirst for knowledge, and actively explore new problems, and strongly expressed their own views of the desire. For independent design, to explore freely have strong desires and expectations.This requires that teachers could apply the proper teaching methods in class, maximum limit to encourage students’ active exploration, active thinking。展开更多
Colleges and enterprise should jointly appoint the talent training objectives and standards.Excellent engineers cultivated by the school-enterprise cooperation must meet the needs of business and industries,in additio...Colleges and enterprise should jointly appoint the talent training objectives and standards.Excellent engineers cultivated by the school-enterprise cooperation must meet the needs of business and industries,in addition,schools and enterprises can realize operation and implementation of personnel training objectives.When colleges set the goals,they should consider the teaching staffs and teaching conditions,etc.And when the companies set goals and standards,they must consider on approving the types of talents from the perspective of social demands for engineering talents.展开更多
1. Establish a flexible entry and exit mechanism for the students and the enterprises.Implementation of Excellence program is a long term project for companies and students, which would meet a lot of variables.From th...1. Establish a flexible entry and exit mechanism for the students and the enterprises.Implementation of Excellence program is a long term project for companies and students, which would meet a lot of variables.From the business perspective, it is the economic organization to make profits for the purpose.展开更多
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFD0901903)the Innovation Team Project of Hebei (Province) Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System (HBCT2018170207)the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (SJCX20_1426)
文摘Traditionally fermented shrimp paste has a long fermentation period and is susceptible of external factors,which leads to unstable quality and limits its development and application.Therefore,the purpose of this study is to analyze the flavor changes in the shrimp paste fermentation process and screen out the key volatile aroma components in the shrimp paste to control the flavor quality of the shrimp paste products.The overall odor profile was detected by the electronic nose.A total of 106 volatile flavor compounds in the shrimp paste samples at different fermentation stages were identified by solid-phase microextraction-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry(SPME-GC-MS)and headspace-gas chromatography-ion mobility spectrometry(HS-GC-IMS).The main aroma components alcohols,aldehydes,pyrazines and other substances in the fermentation process showed an overall upward trend.A total of 17 key volatile aroma components in shrimp paste at different fermentation stages were identified by the relative aroma activity value(ROAV)method.The combination of electronic nose,SPME-GC-MS and HS-GC-IMS could comprehensively reflect the changes of volatile components in shrimp paste at different fermentation stages,which helps to further understand the mechanism of shrimp paste flavor formation and provides a basis for the regulation of the flavor quality of shrimp paste products.
基金support from the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFD0901903)the Innovation Team Project of Hebei (Province) Modern Agricultural Industry Technology System (HBCT2018170207)the Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province (SJCX20_1426)
文摘Shrimp sauce,one of the traditional salt-fermented food in China,has a unique flavor that is influenced by the resident microflora.The quality of salt-fermented shrimp sauce was evaluated in this work by determining the total volatile basic nitrogen(TVB-N),the amino acid nitrogen(AAN),organic acid,5’-nucleotide and free amino acids(FAA).Moreover,the dynamics of microbial diversity during processing was investigated by using high-throughput sequencing technology.The results showed that the AAN,TVB-N,organic acid,5’-nucleotide and FAA content were in range of 0.93-1.42 g/100 mL,49.91-236.27 mg/100 mL,6.65-20.68 mg/mL,3.51-6.56 mg/mL and 81.27-102.90 mg/mL.Among the microbial diversity found in the shrimp sauce,Tetragenococcus,Flavobacterium,Polaribacter,Haematospirillum and Staphylococcus were the predominant genera.Correlation analysis indicated that the bacteria Tetragenococcus and Staphylococcus were important in the formation of non-volatile compounds.Tetragenococcus positively correlated with a variety of FAAs;Staphylococcus positively correlated with 5’-nucleotides.The analysis indicated that Tetragenococcus and Staphylococcus were the core genera affecting non-volatile components.These findings indicate the dynamics of the bacterial community and non-volatile components inter-relationships during shrimp sauce fermentation and provide a theoretical basis for improving the fermentation process of shrimp sauce.
基金supported by China Agriculture Research System of MOF and MARA,CARS-46。
文摘In this study, a gene encoding serine protease(PmSpr288)from cold-adapted bacterium, namely Planococcus maritimus XJ11, was cloned and overexpressed in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3). Bioinformatics analysis revealed that PmSpr288 belongs to serine protease S8 superfamily with a classical catalytic triad comprised by the Asp49, His86 and Ser251. Moreover, PmSpr288 was found to be active over broad alkaline pH and low-moderate temperature, and exhibited wide range of protein substrate specificity. In addition, PmSpr288 was able to hydrolyze the meat proteins actin and myosin, and molecular docking results suggested that the crucial interaction between PmSpr288 and actin/myosin complexes was mainly occupied by hydrogen bonds. The muscle protein hydrolysates of silver carp prepared by PmSpr288 was shown to have antioxidant activity via DPPH radical scavenging assay, which presented an IC_(50) valve of 1.309 mg/mL. In conclusion, these characteristics imply that PmSpr288 has potential biotechnological application prospect for the production of bioactive peptides.
基金Supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China(31760201,31560206,31160152)Guangxi Innovation-driven Development Project(GK AA17204087-11)。
文摘[Objectives]This study was conducted to understand the process of soil nitrogen mineralization in Eucalyptus plantations,and to identify the characteristics of soil nitrogen mineralization with different litter inputs.[Methods]With the soil of the Eucalyptus plantation in Fusui County,Guangxi as the research object,the soil nitrogen mineralization of the Eucalyptus plantation under different litter treatments(removing litter,adding litter and retaining litter)was studied by PVC tube closed-top in-situ incubation.[Results]①After 1 year of litter treatment,the inorganic nitrogen(NH_(4)^(+)-N+NO_(3)^(-)-N)in the soil of different treatments ranked as adding litter(20.15 mg/kg)>retaining litter(16.02 mg/kg)>removing litter(11.60) mg/kg),and the differences reached a significant level(P<0.05).②After 30 d of in-situ incubation,there were significant differences in soil nitrate nitrogen content before and after incubation in the three treatments(removing litter,adding litter,and retaining litter)before and after incubation(P<0.05),but no significant differences were observed in soil ammonium nitrogen content(P>0.05).Soil nitrate nitrogen contents increased from 1.47,2.01 and 1.72 mg/kg before incubation to 3.66,6.73 and 5.02 mg/kg,respectively,and soil ammonium nitrogen content increased from 11.60,20.15 and 16.02 mg/kg before incubation to 13.65,21.54 and 17.18 mg/kg,respectively.The net nitrogen mineralization quantities of the three treatments were 4.24,6.11 and 4.46 mg/kg,respectively,and the net nitrogen mineralization rates from large to small were adding litter[0.180 mg/(kg·d)]>retaining litter[0.141 mg/(kg·d)]>removing litter[0.125 mg/(kg·d)].Therefore,both removal and addition of litter affected the soil nitrogen input and nitrogen mineralization rate of the Eucalyptus plantation,thereby affecting soil nitrogen availability and the ability of soil to maintain plant-available nitrogen.[Conclusions]This study provides a theoretical basis for nutrient management in Eucalyptus plantations,especially nitrogen nutrient management.
基金Agricultural Science Innovation Project of Wuhan City"Demonstration and Extension of Grape,Citrus and Other Fruit Tree Facilities Cultivation Technologies and Green Prevention and Control"(CXQYDJ201804)
文摘Since the beginning of grape cultivation in the 1980 s in Wuhan City,the grape industry has shown a steady growth trend. Through the survey of the local grape industry,it found out the regional distribution,scale and benefits of the grape,as well as the variety structure and cultivation management mode. It analyzed main problems in the grape production,including low degree of organization,concentrated maturity,low rate of good fruit,small cultivation scale,and low labor-saving and high-efficiency cultivation technologies. On the basis of the development status,it came up with pertinent recommendations,including optimizing the variety structure,implementing standardized management,strengthening construction of sightseeing parks,promoting integration of primary and tertiary industries,and developing the gardening experience,to promote healthy and sustainable development of the grape industry.
基金Supported by Innovation Projects of Wuhan Academy of Agricultural Sciences(Cx201317Cxfzx201506Cxtd201507)
文摘Fly fire is an elite variety of North American Begonia( Malus micromalus),which is characterized with dark red flowers,red young leaves,red peel,red bark,large flower amount,long flowering period and long fruit bearing period. It is propagated mainly through grafting,and is suitable for popularization and application in the landscape of the Yangtze River basin and north of the Yangtze River.
文摘The College English Test Band Six(CET-6)is one of the most widely applied exam across China.As a national teaching test,CET-6 is sponsored by the Department of higher education of the Ministry of education of The People’s Republic of China and held twice a year.In this study,77 sophomores of different majors were tested using the listening test in June 2018.It is ensured that the test method is exactly same as that of CET-6.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the content and specification of CET-6 listening comprehension test,and to evaluate this part in detail according to the real data,including score report and item analysis,trying to provide some enlightenment for the revision of the examination.
基金This work was supported by the National Nat- ural Science Foundation of China (51273008, 51473008), and the National Basic Research Program of China (2012CB933200).
基金financially supported by Educational Reform Project of Hangzhou Dianzi University. (Grant NO.YB201720)
文摘As the leading party of the engineering talents cultivation,the colleges and universities not only need to solve the problem for the benefits of teachers who provide the daily management to the students in the enterprises, but also consider the safety problems of students who participates the Excellent Program.At the same time。
文摘In the face of higher education is full of vigor and vitality,active thinking of student groups, they have a strong thirst for knowledge, and actively explore new problems, and strongly expressed their own views of the desire. For independent design, to explore freely have strong desires and expectations.This requires that teachers could apply the proper teaching methods in class, maximum limit to encourage students’ active exploration, active thinking。
基金financially supported by EducationalReform Project of Hangzhou Dianzi University. (GrantNO.YB201720)
文摘Colleges and enterprise should jointly appoint the talent training objectives and standards.Excellent engineers cultivated by the school-enterprise cooperation must meet the needs of business and industries,in addition,schools and enterprises can realize operation and implementation of personnel training objectives.When colleges set the goals,they should consider the teaching staffs and teaching conditions,etc.And when the companies set goals and standards,they must consider on approving the types of talents from the perspective of social demands for engineering talents.
文摘1. Establish a flexible entry and exit mechanism for the students and the enterprises.Implementation of Excellence program is a long term project for companies and students, which would meet a lot of variables.From the business perspective, it is the economic organization to make profits for the purpose.