考虑居民用户可调节潜力的负荷聚合商日前投标决策优化模型研究

负荷聚合商能够充分挖掘居民用户资源参与需求响应,深化居民用电可调节潜力量化分析对负荷精准调控与负荷聚合商模式智能推广具有重要作用。首先,基于居民用电负荷调控差异性,考虑居民典型用电电器综合满意度计量,构建居民柔性负荷可调节潜力分析模型;然后,考虑负荷聚合商参与市场交易的运营模式,构建基于非合作博弈理论的日前投标决策优化模型;最后,通过算例仿真验证模型的有效性及适用性。结果表明该模型能够兼顾调控潜力,有效支撑负荷聚合商最优投标决策,为负荷聚合商推广下统筹资源优化调控提供借鉴与参考。

China's Strategies for Responding to the EU's Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism

As an important measure to deal with clim ate change,the implementation of the EU carbon border adjustment mechanism(CBAM)will inevitably have an impact on the export of some products in China,and even have a far-reaching impact on the global industrial chain layout.On the basis of expounding the basic content and construction purpose of EU’s carbon border adjustment mechanism,this paper reveals the influence of carbon border adjustment mechanism on China-EU trade by analyzing the current situation of China-EU trade,and points out that the impact of carbon border adjustment mechanism on China’s macro-economy in the short term is limited,but it will weaken the international competitiveness of China’s steel and aluminum industries to some extent and increase the export costs of related enterprises in China.Therefore,China should improve the carbon emission trading system and the domestic carbon trading market;Accelerate the promotion of industrial green and low-carbon competitiveness;Implement the carbon-neutral strategy of enterprises to promote the lowcarbon transformation of enterprises;Timely negotiation and consultation with the EU to deepen international cooperation.

液化天然气国际贸易新格局与中国的应对之策

随着世界能源新一轮变革,国际液化天然气市场正经历着深刻变化。受世界经济发展、产业结构调整、天然气资源和替代能源竞争等因素的诸多影响,国际液化天然气市场的供需、格局和价格出现了新的趋势。在此背景下,中国液化天然气进口面临着许多新的机遇与挑战,必须加强液化天然气对外合作,实现资源进口多元化;强化液化天然气贸易基础设施建设,努力提升管理水平和技术水准;完善液化天然气产业法律法规,建立相对独立的监管机构;制定液化天然气相关政策,完善国内液化天然气产业链;降低价格提高补贴,扩大市场使用范围;放宽天然气工业管制,全面深化能源改革。只有顺应形势,深化改革,方能有效保障我国的能源安全。

Global LNG Trade Shifts and China’s Responses

With the global energy transformation the international liquefied natural gas(LNG)market is undergoing profound changes.Due to world economic development,industrial restructuring,natural gas and alternative energy competition as well as other factors,global LNG supply and demand,LNG market structure and LNG prices will start to show new trends shortly.Hence,China,a major natural gas producer and an important LNG importer in the world,will face plenty of new opportunities and challenges in LNG imports.In response,we must take appropriate measures on industrial policies and regulations,prices and markets,etc.

Global LNG Trade Shifts and China's Responses

With the global energy transformation the international liquefied natural gas(LNG) market is undergoing profound changes. Due to world economic development, industrial restructuring, natural gas and alternative energy competition as well as other factors, global LNG supply and demand, LNG market structure and LNG prices will start to show new trends shortly. Hence, China, a major natural gas producer and an important LNG importer in the world,will face plenty of new opportunities and challenges in LNG imports. In response, we must take appropriate measures on industrial policies and regulations, prices and markets, etc.

Opportunities and Risks of Natural Gas Investment in China under the Circumstance of Low Oil Prices

After more than 30 years of rapid growth, the Chinese economy has entered the "new normal" of moderately high growth. Due to the effects of multiple factors, the international oil price has remained consistently low. The low oil price has exerted critical effects on international natural gas investment. At the same time, the market-oriented price mechanism of natural gas in China is gradually taking shape; the concept of low carbon development is widely advocated; and the use of natural gas gains popularity in the city. Such factors provide great opportunities for investment in the natural gas market of China, including boiler coal-to-gas transformation, natural gas distributed energy and natural gas vehicles. However, risks also exist, such as the lower competitiveness of natural gas, its excess production capacity and dwindling consumption in some gas consumption industries, an insufficient driving force for facilitating the coal-to-gas transformation of industrial fuel users, reverse substitution of "coal in place of gas" in some enterprises, nontransparent costs of the downstream link of the natural gas price chain, and mismatches and nonsynchronous adjustments in natural gas prices and electricity prices.

Roles and Status of Natural Gas in Energy Transition

In recent years,the global energy industry has been undergoing profound adjustment and transition,from traditional high-carbon unclean energy sources with low unit energy density to low-carbon clean energy sources with high unit energy density.Whether in natural resource endowment or its current development and utilization situations compared with those of other new energies,natural gas is in a very advantageous position.It can serve as the“bridge”in the process of the energy transition and play key roles in safeguarding the energy supply,improving the environment,enhancing resource security and so on.

不同腐蚀形态不锈钢-碳钢复合钢筋力学性能

不锈钢-碳钢复合钢筋是一种由碳钢芯筋和不锈钢覆层组成的新型耐腐蚀钢筋。通过热轧等工艺实现两者的冶金结合,使其兼有芯筋的强度和覆层的耐腐蚀性能,在实际工程中有广阔的应用前景。以S30408不锈钢-HRB400碳钢复合钢筋为研究对象,根据钢筋真实服役状态设计了均匀腐蚀、覆层破损腐蚀和非均匀腐蚀三种腐蚀类型。通过电流加速腐蚀试验得到了三种腐蚀形态的不锈钢-碳钢复合钢筋试样,并对以上试样进行单调拉伸试验。研究表明:腐蚀导致不锈钢-碳钢复合钢筋力学性能呈线性下降。腐蚀后试件的应力-应变曲线形态也发生改变。其中,覆层破损腐蚀试样的屈服平台消失最早发生。通过预测模型定量地描述了三种腐蚀形态的不锈钢-碳钢复合钢筋的力学性能和韧性的演化规律,并可以预测任一腐蚀程度下三种腐蚀形态的不锈钢-碳钢复合钢筋的力学性能和韧性。最后根据试验结果和GB/T 1499.2—2018的要求,建议不锈钢-碳钢复合钢筋的腐蚀程度限制在10.7%以内,以保证结构的服役性能。