Background:Military operation personnel often suffer from sleep difficulty because of their work requirements.In this study,we investigated the efficacy of zaleplon at two doses to induce afternoon-sleep under noise i...Background:Military operation personnel often suffer from sleep difficulty because of their work requirements.In this study,we investigated the efficacy of zaleplon at two doses to induce afternoon-sleep under noise interference and its effects on psychomotor performance and vestibular function; we subsequently established the optimal dosage regimen for military operation personnel.Methods:Twenty-two healthy young male volunteers were recruited for the study.Eight subjects took 10 mg or 15 mg of zaleplon and placebo alternately and then were exposed to noise.Changes in polysomnography(PSG) indices,including sleep latency(SL),sleep efficiency(SE) and sleep structure,were recorded after drug administration.After awakening,the volunteers' subjective judgments of sleep quality and sleepiness were measured.Eight volunteers underwent 3 psychomotor performance tests at a one-week interval,and the psychomotor performance tests were conducted before and after taking zaleplon and placebo.Six volunteers participated in the vestibular function test session,and parameters,including optokinetic nystagmus(OKN),vestibular ocular reflex(VOR),visualvestibular ocular reflex(VVOR) and vestibular ocular reflex fixation suppression(VOR-Fix),were detected by the same experimental design as described above.The data of sleep observations were subjected to one-way variance analysis.Results:Compared with the placebo group,SL was shortened significantly,and the scores of subjective sleep quality and sleep depth were clearly increased in the zaleplon 10 mg group(P<0.05).Moreover,the SE and the percent of REM(rapid eye movement) sleep were increased remarkably in the zaleplon 15 mg group(P<0.01).Furthermore,the SE,percent of REM sleep and scores of subjective sleep depth in the zaleplon 15 mg group were significantly higher than in the zaleplon 10 mg group(P<0.05).The psychomotor performance did not change significantly after ingestion of 10 mg or 15 mg of zaleplon,whereas the OKN and VOR gains were lower in the two dose groups of zaleplon(P<0.05) and restored to normal 3h after drug ingestion.Conclusion:Zaleplon is an ideal hypnotic for military personnel,and its hypnotic efficiency is dose-related under noise interference; a 15 mg dose of zaleplon could provide significantly better sleep than a 10 mg dose of zaleplon.展开更多
In the Canadian north,the cost of space heating is very high due to the harsh weather,its remoteness,lack of transportation,and dependency on the high cost of fossil fuel imported from the South.Since the North has an...In the Canadian north,the cost of space heating is very high due to the harsh weather,its remoteness,lack of transportation,and dependency on the high cost of fossil fuel imported from the South.Since the North has an abundance of solar energy,significant energy savings with some added construction cost in houses could be achieved by applying high-performance building envelopes and solar design strategies.The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of both passive and active solar design strategies in improving the energy efficiency of northern housing.Firstly,a reference house representing a typical single-family home in the North is modeled using EnergyPlus,and the key passive design parameters are optimized to minimize life-cycle cost.Then,the air-based building integrated photovoltaic/thermal(BIPV/T)system is applied to the optimized house and integrated with HVAC systems.It is found that optimal passive solar design can reduce the heating energy demand by 42%with an incremental cost of 8%for Yellowknife and by 27%without incurring an incremental cost for Kuujjuaq.Integrating BIPV/T with HVAC systems can reduce the defrost time of heat recovery ventilator(HRV),extend the working hours and improve the COP of air source heat pump(ASHP).The reduction in the total energy consumption is in the range of 1,4%-3.0%by integrating HRV and 0.3%-0.6%by integrating ASHP due to the mis-match of solar availability and heating energy demand.To maximize the utilization of solar energy available,the optimal use of thermal energy recovered from BIPV/T system in northern housing requires further investigation.展开更多
基金supported by a grant from the Military Medical Research Foundation of PLA,China (AWS14J011)
文摘Background:Military operation personnel often suffer from sleep difficulty because of their work requirements.In this study,we investigated the efficacy of zaleplon at two doses to induce afternoon-sleep under noise interference and its effects on psychomotor performance and vestibular function; we subsequently established the optimal dosage regimen for military operation personnel.Methods:Twenty-two healthy young male volunteers were recruited for the study.Eight subjects took 10 mg or 15 mg of zaleplon and placebo alternately and then were exposed to noise.Changes in polysomnography(PSG) indices,including sleep latency(SL),sleep efficiency(SE) and sleep structure,were recorded after drug administration.After awakening,the volunteers' subjective judgments of sleep quality and sleepiness were measured.Eight volunteers underwent 3 psychomotor performance tests at a one-week interval,and the psychomotor performance tests were conducted before and after taking zaleplon and placebo.Six volunteers participated in the vestibular function test session,and parameters,including optokinetic nystagmus(OKN),vestibular ocular reflex(VOR),visualvestibular ocular reflex(VVOR) and vestibular ocular reflex fixation suppression(VOR-Fix),were detected by the same experimental design as described above.The data of sleep observations were subjected to one-way variance analysis.Results:Compared with the placebo group,SL was shortened significantly,and the scores of subjective sleep quality and sleep depth were clearly increased in the zaleplon 10 mg group(P<0.05).Moreover,the SE and the percent of REM(rapid eye movement) sleep were increased remarkably in the zaleplon 15 mg group(P<0.01).Furthermore,the SE,percent of REM sleep and scores of subjective sleep depth in the zaleplon 15 mg group were significantly higher than in the zaleplon 10 mg group(P<0.05).The psychomotor performance did not change significantly after ingestion of 10 mg or 15 mg of zaleplon,whereas the OKN and VOR gains were lower in the two dose groups of zaleplon(P<0.05) and restored to normal 3h after drug ingestion.Conclusion:Zaleplon is an ideal hypnotic for military personnel,and its hypnotic efficiency is dose-related under noise interference; a 15 mg dose of zaleplon could provide significantly better sleep than a 10 mg dose of zaleplon.
基金the financial supports received from The Fonds de recherche du Quebec Nature et technologies(FRQNT)(No.2019-PR-254829)Gina Cody School of Engineering and Computer Science at Concordia University.
文摘In the Canadian north,the cost of space heating is very high due to the harsh weather,its remoteness,lack of transportation,and dependency on the high cost of fossil fuel imported from the South.Since the North has an abundance of solar energy,significant energy savings with some added construction cost in houses could be achieved by applying high-performance building envelopes and solar design strategies.The objective of this paper is to investigate the potential of both passive and active solar design strategies in improving the energy efficiency of northern housing.Firstly,a reference house representing a typical single-family home in the North is modeled using EnergyPlus,and the key passive design parameters are optimized to minimize life-cycle cost.Then,the air-based building integrated photovoltaic/thermal(BIPV/T)system is applied to the optimized house and integrated with HVAC systems.It is found that optimal passive solar design can reduce the heating energy demand by 42%with an incremental cost of 8%for Yellowknife and by 27%without incurring an incremental cost for Kuujjuaq.Integrating BIPV/T with HVAC systems can reduce the defrost time of heat recovery ventilator(HRV),extend the working hours and improve the COP of air source heat pump(ASHP).The reduction in the total energy consumption is in the range of 1,4%-3.0%by integrating HRV and 0.3%-0.6%by integrating ASHP due to the mis-match of solar availability and heating energy demand.To maximize the utilization of solar energy available,the optimal use of thermal energy recovered from BIPV/T system in northern housing requires further investigation.
