Nb-containing catalysts have the potential to catalyze carbon dioxide(CO_(2))reduction due to their strong surface acidity and CO_(2)activation sites.Still,they have not been widely used in the development and design ...Nb-containing catalysts have the potential to catalyze carbon dioxide(CO_(2))reduction due to their strong surface acidity and CO_(2)activation sites.Still,they have not been widely used in the development and design of catalysts due to the theoretical/cost/safety limitations.Related advances have been continuously reported in the literature,demonstrating to some extent the promise of catalytic applications of Nb-containing catalysts in this area.In this minireview,we discuss the structure-activity relationships of Nb-containing catalysts for photo-,electro-,and thermocatalytic reduction of CO_(2).The engineering strategies of Nb-containing catalysts for enhancing the conversion and selectivity of CO_(2)reduction are discussed,ranging from Nb doping,noble metal decoration,surface acidity adjustment,oxygen vacancy engineering,and heterojunction construction to Nb or Nb_(2)O_(5) particle decoration.The theoretical calculation research for the possible reaction paths and product selectivity is also discussed.Finally,the prospects for designing and optimizing Nb-containing catalysts are proposed.With a deep understanding of catalytic activity and reaction mechanism,this minireview is expected to present the optimization of the Nb-containing catalysts for efficient and highly selective CO_(2)reduction.展开更多
Aluminum killed low-carbon steel sheets were cold rolled at different reduction ratios and annealed using different temperatures and holding time.The Vickers hardness was examined.The results show that when cold rolli...Aluminum killed low-carbon steel sheets were cold rolled at different reduction ratios and annealed using different temperatures and holding time.The Vickers hardness was examined.The results show that when cold rolling reduction ratios increase from 40% to 81%,recrystallization temperatures decrease from 602℃ to 572℃ during 4hisochronal annealing,as well recrystallization holding time decreases from 117 min to 5min during isothermal annealing at 610℃.All recrystallization temperatures and holding time can be calculated using the annealing experiment results.Microstructure was examined through electron backscattered diffraction（EBSD）.The results show that as rolling direction preferentially grows,equiaxed grains grow into cake-type during recrystallization.Cake-type grains are more beneficial to obtaining ideal〈111〉//ND（normal direcrtion）orientation texture.{111}orientation grains nucleate and grow up preferentially.Deformation grains of{111}〈110〉orientations grow into new recrystallization grains of{111}〈123〉and{111}〈112〉during recrystallization.Texture formation can be explained by directional nucleation.展开更多
基金the financial support from the Discovery Early Career Researcher Award (Grant No. DE220101074), Australian Research Council
文摘Nb-containing catalysts have the potential to catalyze carbon dioxide(CO_(2))reduction due to their strong surface acidity and CO_(2)activation sites.Still,they have not been widely used in the development and design of catalysts due to the theoretical/cost/safety limitations.Related advances have been continuously reported in the literature,demonstrating to some extent the promise of catalytic applications of Nb-containing catalysts in this area.In this minireview,we discuss the structure-activity relationships of Nb-containing catalysts for photo-,electro-,and thermocatalytic reduction of CO_(2).The engineering strategies of Nb-containing catalysts for enhancing the conversion and selectivity of CO_(2)reduction are discussed,ranging from Nb doping,noble metal decoration,surface acidity adjustment,oxygen vacancy engineering,and heterojunction construction to Nb or Nb_(2)O_(5) particle decoration.The theoretical calculation research for the possible reaction paths and product selectivity is also discussed.Finally,the prospects for designing and optimizing Nb-containing catalysts are proposed.With a deep understanding of catalytic activity and reaction mechanism,this minireview is expected to present the optimization of the Nb-containing catalysts for efficient and highly selective CO_(2)reduction.
基金funded by National Natural Science Foundation of China(51275216)Initial Funding for Advanced Talents of Jiangsu University(14JDG129)
文摘Aluminum killed low-carbon steel sheets were cold rolled at different reduction ratios and annealed using different temperatures and holding time.The Vickers hardness was examined.The results show that when cold rolling reduction ratios increase from 40% to 81%,recrystallization temperatures decrease from 602℃ to 572℃ during 4hisochronal annealing,as well recrystallization holding time decreases from 117 min to 5min during isothermal annealing at 610℃.All recrystallization temperatures and holding time can be calculated using the annealing experiment results.Microstructure was examined through electron backscattered diffraction（EBSD）.The results show that as rolling direction preferentially grows,equiaxed grains grow into cake-type during recrystallization.Cake-type grains are more beneficial to obtaining ideal〈111〉//ND（normal direcrtion）orientation texture.{111}orientation grains nucleate and grow up preferentially.Deformation grains of{111}〈110〉orientations grow into new recrystallization grains of{111}〈123〉and{111}〈112〉during recrystallization.Texture formation can be explained by directional nucleation.
