Inhibition of inflammatory mediator release from microglia can treat ischemic/hypoxic brain injury

Interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β aggravate neuronal injury by mediating the inf1αmmatory reaction following ischemic/hypoxic brain injury. It remains unclear whether interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β are released by microglia or astrocytes. This study prepared hippocampal slices that were subsequently subjected to oxygen and glucose deprivation. Hematoxylin-eosin staining verified that neurons exhibited hypoxic changes. Results of enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay found that interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β participated in this hypoxic process. Moreover, when hypoxic injury occurred in the hippocampus, the release of interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β was mediated by the P2X4 receptor and P2X7 receptor. Immunofluorescence staining revealed that during ischemia/hypoxia, the P2X4 receptor, P2X7 receptor, interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β expression was detectable in rat hippocampal microglia, but only P2X4 receptor and P2X7 receptor expression was detected in astrocytes. Results suggested that the P2X4 receptor and P2X7 receptor, respectively, mediated interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β released by microglia, resulting in hippocampal ischemic/hypoxic injury. Astrocytes were activated, but did not synthesize or release interleukin-1α and interleukin-1β.

Thrombospondin 1 promotes synaptic formation in bone marrow-derived neuron-like cells

In this study, a combination of growth factors was used to induce bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells differentiation into neuron-like cells, in a broader attempt to observe the role of thrombospondin 1 in synapse formation. Results showed that there was no significant difference in the differentiation rate of neuron-like cells between bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells with thrombospondin induction and those without. However, the cell shape was more complex and the neurites were dendritic, with unipolar, bipolar or multipolar morphologies, after induction with thrombospondin 1. The induced cells were similar in morphology to normal neurites. Immunohistochemical staining showed that the number of positive cells for postsynaptic density protein 95 and synaptophysin 1 protein was significantly increased after induction with thrombospondin 1. These findings indicate that thrombospondin 1 promotes synapse formation in neuron-like cells that are differentiated from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells.

网络化知识的内涵解析与表征模型构建

互联网时代三元空间的出现改变了知识的本质,带来了全新的知识观:那些在互联网中由群体智慧汇聚的碎片化、展现各自观点、基于问题情境、具有学科交叉的内容成为知识。虽然目前联通主义知识观、回归论知识观已经对这类知识进行描述和阐释,但关于这类知识究竟是什么,又是如何汇聚和发展,并没有术语性的界定,也缺少规律上的认识。本文将这类知识界定为网络化知识,并系统阐述其内涵与特征,同时采用理论建模的方法构建网络化知识表征模型,以期为后续知识生产传播、知识发展演化等基础规律的探究提供有力的抓手。本研究首先基于联通主义知识观和回归论知识观梳理网络化知识的内涵与特征,认为网络化知识是指由群体智慧汇聚生成的信息、理解、技能、价值观和态度,具有动态、个性、群聚、生长以及存在于网络中等基本特征。在此基础上,研究结合网络化知识的新特征,从实体与属性的角度构建了知识表征理论模型,用以表征网络化知识。

进化性学习资源支持的高校智慧教学研究

近年来随着智慧教育的兴起和发展,教学已经向培养学生的智慧回归,智慧教学已经成为教育技术领域研究的重点。进化性学习资源具有的彰显学习者的主体性、提高学习者的参与度、激发学习者的学习兴趣、提高学习内容的时效性等优势能够很好地促进学生的智慧发展。本研究依托进化性学习资源,构建出包含学习目标、分配任务、小组创生、师生协作、展示交流和总结反思六个部分的高校智慧教学模式,为期一个学期的教学实践结果表明,该模式能够促进学生智慧发展、知识构建以及课程参与。