韩江口及邻近海域夏季营养盐和溶解有机质的河口化学特征

韩江三角洲(包括韩江、榕江和练江)为我国六大三角洲之一,但该海域生源要素的河口化学特征知之甚少.2010年夏季开展了韩江口及邻近海域营养盐、有色溶解有机质(CDOM)来源、分布及河口行为的初步调查.走航及断面温、盐分布显示,韩江口夏季存在南、北两个羽流区且水体层化明显.溶解无机氮、硝酸盐、硅酸盐与吸收系数(a 350)、类腐殖质荧光组分呈表观保守混合行为,而亚硝酸盐、铵盐、活性磷酸盐及类蛋白质组分随盐度波动较大.北羽流混合区硅酸盐河端外推值高于南羽流混合区,说明韩江流域硅酸盐风化作用强于榕江流域.北羽流混合区a 350以及类腐殖质组分的河端外推值高于韩江干流及入海口,表明在河口低盐度区存在添加作用.与东南沿海其他河流相比,韩江具有特征性的高硅酸盐∶溶解有机氮浓度比(1.9)和低CDOM丰度,人为影响程度相对较小,韩江口海域表现为潜在性磷限制特征.

The modification and optimizing of the CHEMTAX running in the South China Sea

In order to determine the phytoplankton community composition, the modification and optimizing of the CHEMical TAXonomy（CHEMTAX） running was carried out through samples grouping, successive run and evaluate the results for HPLC-pigment samples in the South China Sea（SCS）. The vertical distribution of the ratio of pigment to total Chl a（TChl a） exhibited three different patterns, including increasing with depth pattern（e.g., But-Fuco）, decreasing with depth pattern（e.g., Zea） and increasing at deep chlorophyll maximum（DCM） pattern（e.g., Hex-Fuco）. The vertical profiles for Fuco/TChl a and Pras/TChl a was higher in coast than in the shelf and basin, and the Zea and Dv-Chl a expressed conversely. So the samples in the coastal stations must be separated for the cluster analysis group procedure in the SCS. Successive run was introduced into the CHEMTAX calculation and the output results were evaluated by the convergence of pigment/TChl a ratios. Most of the ratios were well converged at the fifth running, except Zea/TChl a for Prochlorococcus and Chl b/TChl a for prasinophytes and so on. To evaluate the fifth running＇s results, haptophytes_8 and chlorophytes were two phytoplankton groups with much uncertainty. But the fifth estimated value was better than running once was supported by the regression evidence between the measured pigment concentration and calculation values. Synechococcus was another component with much mutability, and the CHEMTAX＇s result should be compared to the flow cytometry＇s cell abundance.

Seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress in the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass

The Yellow Sea is located between the China Mainland and the Korean Peninsula, representing a typical shallow epicontinental sea. The Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass（YSCWM） is one of the most important physical features in the Yellow Sea. The characteristics of vertical profiles and seasonal variations of biogenic elements in the YSCWM may lead the variations of nutrient availability（e.g., phosphorus） and phosphorus stress of phytoplankton. In this study, the authors surveyed the seasonal variations of phytoplankton phosphorus stress with emphasis on the effect of the YSCWM during the four cruises in April and October 2006, March and August 2007. Using both bulk and single-cell alkaline phosphatase activity（APA） assays, this study evaluated phosphorus status of phytoplankton community, succession of phytoplankton community and ecophysiological responses of phytoplankton to phosphorus in the typical region of the YSCWM. With the occurrence of the YSCWM, especially the variations of concentration of dissolved inorganic phosphorus（DIP）, the results of bulk APA appeared corresponding seasonal variations. Along Transects A and B, the mean APA in August was the highest, and that in March was the lowest. According to the ELF-labeled assay＇s results, seasonal variations of the ELF-labeled percentages within dominant species indicated that diatoms were dominant in March, April and October, while dinoflagellates were dominant in August. During the four cruises, the ELF-labeled percentages of diatoms except Paralia sulcata showed that diatoms were not phosphorus deficient in April 2006 at all, but suffered from severe phosphorus stress in August 2007. In comparison, the ELF-labeled percentages of dinoflagellates were all above 50% during the four time series, which meant dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium and Scrippsiella, sustained perennial phosphorus stress.

Factors regulating population dynamics of the amphipod Ampithoe valida in a eutrophic subtropical coastal lagoon

Year-round investigations were carried out to address the population dynamics of amphipod Ampithoe val- ida and its potential regulating factors in the Yundang Lagoon （a eutrophic subtropical coastal lagoon in Xiamen City, China） from October 2007 to October 2008. The results show that A. valida population was largely composed of juveniles and reached a peak abundance （12.02× 10^3 ind./m2） in March, but sharply shrunk in July. The monthly variation pattern ofA. valida seemed to follow that of Ulva lactuca which is the main food resource for A. valida, indicating a strong influence of food availability on A. valida popu- lation dynamics. Life cycle studies in laboratory indicate that A. valida adopted an r-selected life strategy, e.g., rapid growth rate （0.216-0.302 mm/d）, consecutive breeding （4-10 times）, short reproductive rhythm （9-17 d） and huge fecundity （24-192 eggs or 6-94 juveniles per brood）, which contributed to the fast pop- ulation growth ofA. valida from January to March. Although temperature may also be a significant cause, A. valida could grow quickly and show normal reproductive traits （i.e., the timing of sexual differentiation or maturity, the reproductive rhythm, the number of broods all through its lifespan and offspring produc- tion） in temperature between 15-30~ C. Therefore, the temperature variation in the lagoon water should not account for the sharp variation of A. valida population by affecting the survival, growth and reproduction of the amphipod. However, negative correlation between water temperature and U. lactuca biomass in the lagoon suggested that temperature could have indirectly affected the population dynamics ofA. ualida by affecting its food availability. The authors conclude that, in the Yundang Lagoon, the population dynamics ofA. validawas mainly controlled by the food availability rather than water temperature.

中国边缘海浮游植物群落时空格局与演变趋势

随着全球变暖和人类活动引起环境变化的加剧,研究边缘海浮游植物群落变化及其驱动因子,以及对未来环境变化的响应成为人们关注的热点.本文总结了近20年来对中国边缘海(南海、东海(包括台湾海峡)和黄海)浮游植物群落时空演替格局和环境调控机制的认识,梳理了浮游植物群落对近岸上升流、冷涡和暖涡等中尺度物理过程的响应模式,汇总了东海和南海浮游植物群落在未来环境变化情景下的可能响应.在此基础上分析了目前中国边缘海浮游植物群落演替研究的不足以及未来的研究重点,指出未来应以典型生态系统的代表性测站为重点,采用多平台多技术手段进行系统、长期、高分辨率的连续观测,并结合大数据分析和模型模拟开展深入研究,以期揭示气候变化和人类活动对边缘海浮游植物群落在年际和年代际尺度上的影响及其效应.

Grazing impact of microzooplankton on phytoplankton in the Xiamen Bay using pigment-specific dilution technique

Phytoplankton group-specific growth and microzooplankton grazing were determined seasonally using the dilution technique with high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC） in the Xiamen Bay, a subtropical bay in southeast China, between May 2003 and February 2004. The results showed that growth rates of phytoplankton ranged from 0.71 to 2.2 d^-1 with the highest value occurred in the inner bay in May. Mierozooplankton grazing rates ranged from 0.5 to 3.1 d^-1 with the highest value occurred in the inner bay in August. Microzooplankton grazing impact ranged from 39% to 95% on total phytoplankton Chl a biomass, and 65% to 181% on primary production. The growth and grazing rates of each phytoplankton group varied, the highest growth rate （up to 3.3 d^-1 ） was recorded for diatoms in August, while the maximum grazing rate （ up to 2.1 d ^-1 ） was recorded for chlorophytes in February in the inner bay. Among main phytoplankton groups, grazing pressure of microzooplankton ranged from 10% to 83% on Chl a biomass, and from 14% to 151% on primary production. The highest grazing pressure on biomass was observed for cryptophytes （83%） in August, while the maximum grazing pressure on primary production was observed for eyanobacteria （up to 151% ） in December in the inner bay. Net growth rates of larger phytoplanktons （diatoms and dinoflagellates） were higher than those of smaller groups （ prasinophytes, chlorophytes and cyanobacteria）. Relative preference index showed that microzooplankton grazed preferentially on prasinophytes and avoided to harvest diatoms in cold seasons （December and February）.

The bacterial abundance and production in the East China Sea: seasonal variations and relationships with the phytoplankton biomass and production

The East China Sea is a productive marginal sea with a wide continental shelf and plays an important role in absorbing atmospheric carbon dioxide and transferring terrigenous organic matter to the open ocean. To investigate the roles of heterotrophic bacteria in the biogeochemical dynamics in the East China Sea, bacterial biomasses （BB） and productions （BP） were measured in four cruises. The spatial distributions of the BB and the BP were highly season-dependent. Affected by the Changjiang River discharge, the BB and the BP were high in shelf waters （bottom depth not deeper than 50 m） and generally decreased offshore in August 2009. In December 2009 to lanuary 2010, and November to December 2010, the BB and the BP were high in waters with medium bottom depth. The onshore-offshore decreasing trends of the BB and the BP also existed in May-June 2011, when the BB was significantly higher than in other cruises in shelf break waters （bottom depth deeper than 50 m but not deeper than 200 m）. The results of generalized additive models （GAM） suggest that the BB increased with the temperature at a range of 8-20~C, increased with the chlorophyll concentration at a range of 0.02-3.00 mg/m3 and then declining, and decreased with the salinity from 28 to 35. The relationship between the temperature and the log-transformed bacterial specific growth rate （SGR） was linear. The estimated temperature coefficient （Q10） of the SGR was similar with that of the phytoplankton growth. The SGR also increased with the chlorophyll concentration. The ratio of the bacterial to phytoplankton production ranged from less than 0.01 to 0.40, being significantly higher in November December 2010 than in May-June 2011. Calculated from the bacterial production and growth efficiency, the bacterial respiration consumed, on average, 59%, 72% and 23% of the primary production in August 2009, November-December 2010, and May-/une 2011, respectively.

Phosphorus deficiency affects multiple macromolecular biosynthesis pathways of Thalassiosira weissflogii

Phosphorus（P） is one of the key nutrients for the growth of phytoplankton. In this study, we used a method coupling label-free quantitation with liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry（LFQ–LC–MS/MS） to track the change of relative protein abundance between P-replete and P-deficient treatments in a non-model diatom, Thalassiosira weissflogii. Out of the 631 proteins identified, 132 were found to have significant changes in abundance（〉1.5 folds） between the two treatments, especially those proteins involved in macromolecular biosynthesis pathways. For example, the up-regulation of sulfolipid biosynthesis protein in the P-deficient culture suggested a switch from using phospholipids to sulfolipids. In addition, the ribosome subunits and tRNA synthetases were down-regulated, which might explain the decrease in protein content in the P-deficient culture. A vacuolar sorting receptor homologous protein was found to be 9.2-folds up-regulated under P-deficiency, indicating an enhancement in the vacuolar sorting pathway for protein degradation. Our results show that T. weissflogii has sophisticated responses in multiple macromolecular metabolism pathways under P-deficiency, a mechanism which can be critical for this species to survive under various levels of P availability in the environment

Relationship between bacteria and phytoplankton during the giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai bloom in an oligotrophic temperate marine ecosystem

Bacterial abundance, phytoplankton community structure and environmental parameters were investigated to study the relationships between bacteria and phytoplankton during giant jellyfish Nemopilema nomurai blooms in the central Yellow Sea during 2013. N. nomurai appeared in June, increased in August, reached a peak and began to degrade in September 2013. Results showed that phosphate was possible a key nutrient for both phytoplankton and bacteria in June, but it changed to nitrate in August and September. Phytoplankton composition significantly changed that pico-phytoplankton relative biomass significantly increased, whereas other size phytoplankton significantly decreased during jellyfish bloom. In June, a significantly positive correlation was observed between chlorophyll a concentration and bacterial abundance（r=0.67, P0.001, n=34）.During jellyfish outbreak in August, there was no significant correlation between phytoplankton and bacteria（r=0.11, P0.05, n=25）, but the relationship（r=0.71, P0.001, n=31） was rebuilt with jellyfish degradation in September. In August, small size phytoplankton occupied the mixed layer in offshore stations, while bacteria almost distributed evenly in vertical. Chlorophyll a concentration significantly increased from（0.42±0.056） μg/L in June to（0.74±0.174） μg/L in August, while bacterial abundance just slightly increased. Additionally, the negative net community production indicated that community respiration was not entirely determined by the local primary productivity in August. These results indicated that jellyfish blooms potentially affect coupling of phytoplankton and bacteria in marine ecosystems.

低纬度边缘海浮游植物群落演变及其与全球变化的关联

随着全球变暖和人类活动的加剧,低纬度边缘海浮游植物群落已发生或正在发生变化,并影响整个生态系统结构和功能.综述了加勒比海、阿拉伯海和南中国海(南海)这3个典型低纬度边缘海的浮游植物群落演变格局,分析了其变动的驱动因素及其与全球气候变化的关联,探讨了群落变动对海洋生态系统功能的影响及其效应.在此基础上分析了目前该研究领域的不足以及未来的发展方向,指出应加强低纬度边缘海生态结构与功能的长期观测,以期揭示气候变化和人类活动对生态系统的影响及其效应.

PAH-biodegradation potential of indigenous microorganisms: evidence from the respiratory activity of surfacesediments in the Quanzhou Bay in China

Seven stations were established in the Quanzhou Bay （24.73°-24.96°N, 118.50°-118.70°E） in China on three cruises to determine the concentrations of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons （PAHs） and the numbers of PAH-degrading bacteria in surface sediments. Assessing the biodegradation potential of indigenous microorganisms by measuring the respiratory intensity with the addition of PAHs in sediment samples was also one of the aims of this study. The results show that the total PAH concentrations of the sediments were 99.23-345.53 ng/g dry weight （d.w.）, and the PAHs composition pattern in the sediments was dominated by phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene. The numbers of phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene-degrading bacteria during three cruises were 1.42×10^3-8.93×10^4 CFU/g d.w., 8.29×10^3 9.43×10^4 CFU/g d.w. and 7.05×10^3-9.43×10^4 CFU/g d.w., respectively. The addition of three model PAH compounds （phenanthrene, fluoranthene and pyrene） showed a great influence on the increasing of the microbial activity in the sediments. And there was a significant correlation among the change of respiratory activity, PAH concentration and the number of PAH-degrading bacteria. The change in respiratory activity under PAHs selective pressure could, to a certain extent, indicate the potential degradative activity of the PAH-degrading microbial community.

Identification of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella by fluorescence in situ hybridization through epifluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry

Partial rDNA sequences of Prorocentrum minimum and Takayama pulchella were amplified, cloned and sequenced, and these sequence data were deposited in the GenBank. Eight oligonucleotide probes （DNA probes） were designed based on the sequence analysis. The probes were employed to detect and identify P. minimum and T. pulchella in unialgal and mixed algal samples with a fluorescence in situ hybridization method using flow cytometry. Epifluorescence micrographs showed that these specific probes labeled with fluorescein isothiocyanate entered the algal cells and bound to target sequences, and the fluorescence signal resulting from whole-cell hybridization varied from probe to probe. These DNA probes and the hybridization protocol we developed were specific and effective for P. minimum and T. pulchella, without any specific binding to other algal species. The hybridization efficiency of different probes specific to P. minimum was in the order： PM18S02 PM28S02 〉 PM28S01 〉PM18S01, and that of the probes specific to T. pulcheUa was TP18S02 TP28S01 〉 TP28S02 〉TP18S01. The different hybridization efficiency of the DNA probes could also be shown in the fluorescent signals between the labeled and unlabeled cells demonstrated using flow cytometry. The DNA probes PM18S02, PM28S02, TP18S02 and TP28S01, and the protocol, were also useful for the detection of Mgae in natural samples.

Preliminary study on nanodiatom in the Taiwan Strait

The preliminary study on nanodiatom in the Taiwan Strait was carried out using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) in February 1995. Thirty-three species of nanodiatom (< 20 μm) were identified, among which, 6 were new recorders in China. The dominant species were Minidiscus comicus Takano and Thalassiosira tenera Proschdinae -- Lavrenko in the northern Taiwan Strait (NTS), Minidiscus trioculatus (F. J. R. ) Hasle and Natvicula climacospheniae both in the southern Taiwan Strait (STS). Abundance of nanodiatom was much more than that of microdiatom (>20 μm), and the abundance of nanodiatom in NTS is higher than that in STS. The highest abundance of nanodiatom was at the depth of 10 m of N33o in NTS, while at the depth of 20 m of S105 in STS. The vertical distribution of nano- and micro-diatom of NCI showed that the peak was at the depth of 30 m.

海洋生态系统储碳过程的多尺度调控及其对全球变化的响应研究进展

海洋储碳机制及其对全球变化的响应是当前全球变化研究领域的重大科学问题,也是薄弱环节和难点所在,如何阐明典型海洋生态系统固碳过程和储碳机制,评估全球变化的影响,并进一步探寻古海洋沉积记录及其与现代过程的关联,建立海洋典型生态系统沉积碳库变动与全球变化联系仍是当前全球变化研究的核心问题。针对这一重要科学问题,国家重点研发计划“全球变化及应对”重点专项“海洋生态系统储碳过程的多尺度调控及其对全球变化的响应”项目,围绕核心主题“固碳过程-储碳机制-酸化影响-碳库变动”开展了系统的研究。近两三年来研究工作取得若干显著进展,较系统地阐明了西太平洋中低纬度边缘浮游植物群落的时空格局、多样性特征与演变机制,深入揭示了海洋酸化抑制固氮束毛藻固氮和生长及其机理,揭示了南海珊瑚钙化对气候变化和海洋酸化的响应,为进一步深入阐明海洋生态系统储碳的调控机制及其对全球变化的响应这一科学问题奠定了良好的基础。