Emerging delivery systems based on aqueous two-phase systems:A review

The aqueous two-phase system(ATPS)is an all-aqueous system fabricated from two immiscible aqueous phases.It is spontaneously assembled through physical liquid-liquid phase separation(LLPS)and can create suitable templates like the multicompartment of the intracellular environment.Delicate structures containing multiple compartments make it possible to endow materials with advanced functions.Due to the properties of ATPSs,ATPS-based drug delivery systems exhibit excellent biocompatibility,extraordinary loading efficiency,and intelligently controlled content release,which are particularly advantageous for delivering drugs in vivo.Therefore,we will systematically review and evaluate ATPSs as an ideal drug delivery system.Based on the basic mechanisms and influencing factors in forming ATPSs,the transformation of ATPSs into valuable biomaterials is described.Afterward,we concentrate on the most recent cutting-edge research on ATPS-based delivery systems.Finally,the potential for further collaborations between ATPS-based drug-carrying biomaterials and disease diagnosis and treatment is also explored.

Intestinal dysbiosis exacerbates the pathogenesis of psoriasis-like phenotype through changes in fatty acid metabolism

The intestinal microbiota has been associated with host immunity as well as psoriasis;however,the mechanism of intestinal microbiota regulating psoriasis needs to be demonstrated systematically.Here,we sought to examine its role and mechanism of action in the pathogenesis of psoriasis.We found that the severity of psoriasis-like skin phenotype was accompanied by changes in the composition of the intestinal microbiota.We performed co-housing and fecal microbial transplantation(FMT)experiments using the K14-VEGF transgenic mouse model of psoriasis and demonstrated that the transfer of intestinal microbiota from mice with severe psoriasis-like skin phenotype exacerbated psoriasiform skin inflammation in mice with mild symptoms,including increasing the infiltration and differentiation of Th17,and increased the abundance of Prevotella,while decreasing that of Parabacteroides distasonis,in the colon.These alterations affected fatty acid metabolism,increasing the abundance of oleic and stearic acids.Meanwhile,gentamicin treatment significantly reduced the abundance of Prevotella and alleviated the psoriasis-like symptoms in both K14-VEGF mice and imiquimod(IMQ)-induced psoriasis-like mice.Indeed,administration of oleic and stearic acids exacerbated psoriasis-like symptoms and increased Th17 and monocyte-derived dendritic cell infiltration in the skin lesion areas in vivo,as well as increased the secretion of IL-23 by stimulating DCs in vitro.At last,we found that,treatment of PDE-4 inhibitor alleviated psoriasis-like phenotype of K14-VEGF mice accompanied by the recovery of intestinal microbiota,including the decrease of Prevotella and increase of Parabacteroides distasonis.Overall,our findings reveal that the intestinal microbiota modulates host metabolism and psoriasis-like skin inflammation in mice,suggesting a new target for the clinical diagnosis and treatment of psoriasis.