PtNi-W/C with Atomically Dispersed Tungsten Sites Toward Boosted ORR in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Devices

The performance of proton exchange membrane fuel cells is heavily dependent on the microstructure of electrode catalyst especially at low catalyst loadings.This work shows a hybrid electrocatalyst consisting of PtNi-W alloy nanocrystals loaded on carbon surface with atomically dispersed W sites by a two-step straightforward method.Single-atomic W can be found on the carbon surface,which can form protonic acid sites and establish an extended proton transport network at the catalyst surface.When implemented in membrane electrode assembly as cathode at ultra-low loading of 0.05 mgPt cm^(−2),the peak power density of the cell is enhanced by 64.4%compared to that with the commercial Pt/C catalyst.The theoretical calculation suggests that the single-atomic W possesses a favorable energetics toward the formation of*OOH whereby the intermediates can be efficiently converted and further reduced to water,revealing a interfacial cascade catalysis facilitated by the single-atomic W.This work highlights a novel functional hybrid electrocatalyst design from the atomic level that enables to solve the bottle-neck issues at device level.

死刑替代措施的中国命运:观念、模式与实践

大样本的中国死刑民意调查结果显示,我国多数民众仍然一般性地支持死刑,但是如果提供了适当的死刑替代措施,死刑的民意支持率则迅速而显著地降低。考虑到死刑民意对死刑存废的制约,应当充分肯定死刑替代措施的刑罚理念与立法策略。在世界范围内,终身监禁是一种普遍适用的刑罚制度,不得假释的终身监禁虽然面临严重质疑,但是仍然在以美国为代表的一些国家得到重用。我国逐步形成了一般死缓、限制减刑的死缓和终身监禁的死缓三位一体的多元死刑替代模式。立足于中国的民意、立法、司法、文化和政策等五个维度,终身监禁的死缓具有谨慎适用的余地。根据比例性原则,终身监禁的死缓只应适用于罪行极其严重、死刑废除难度最大的极少数犯罪。

网络时代的刑法解释论立场

由于传统犯罪形式开始网络化变异,而新型网络犯罪手段不断涌现,且新设网络犯罪条款明确性不足,网络犯罪领域的刑法解释论面临更多难题。僵化的主观解释论过于机械地理解立法原意,使刑法的适用与社会发展脱节,在快速变革、迭代的网络时代并不可取。立法原意应当被充分尊重,但是它只是概括性地阐明了相关罪名的立法背景与动因、法益保护目标、规范保护目的,而往往不涉及对具体概念的微观理解。立法者的目的在于,通过刑法条文设定一个具有权威性、正当性的规则框架,只要刑法适用不违背基本的立法初衷,在立法者没有特别申明的情况下,并不反对司法者对具体概念做出符合社会发展变迁、契合民众一般理解的解释。在主观解释与客观解释的传统内在立场之争以外,网络时代的刑法适用也应注重刑法解释的外部性。刑法解释者应当对相关的信息技术原理具备基础的了解,拓展视野将刑法之外的规范评价作为知识资源引入教义学体系,适度考察刑法解释可能附带产生的外部效应与刑法之外的多元的网络治理模式。