Fully implicational methods for approximate reasoning based on interval-valued fuzzy sets

The aim of this paper is to discuss the approximate rea- soning problems with interval-valued fuzzy environments based on the fully implicational idea. First, this paper constructs a class of interval-valued fuzzy implications by means of a type of impli- cations and a parameter on the unit interval, then uses them to establish fully implicational reasoning methods for interval-valued fuzzy modus ponens （IFMP） and interval-valued fuzzy modus tel- lens （IFMT） problems. At the same time the reversibility properties of these methods are analyzed and the reversible conditions are given. It is shown that the existing unified forms of α-triple I （the abbreviation of triple implications） methods for FMP and FMT can be seen as the particular cases of our methods for IFMP and IFMT.

Comparing T-and B-cell responses to COVID-19 vaccines across varied immune backgrounds

The emergence of adapted variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus has led to a surge in breakthrough infections worldwide.A recent analysis of immune responses in people who received inactivated vaccines has revealed that individuals with no prior infection have limited resistance to Omicron and its sub-lineages,while those with previous infections exhibit a significant amount of neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells.However,specific T-cell responses remain largely unaffected by the mutations,indicating that T-cell-mediated cellular immunity can still provide protection.Moreover,the administration of a third dose of vaccine has resulted in a marked increase in the spectrum and duration of neutralizing antibodies and memory B cells in vivo,which has enhanced resistance to emerging variants such as BA.2.75 and BA.2.12.1.These results highlight the need to consider booster immunization for previously infected individuals and the development of novel vaccination strategies.The rapid spread of adapted variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus presents a significant challenge to global health.The findings from this study underscore the importance of tailoring vaccination strategies based on individual immune backgrounds and the potential need for booster shots to combat emerging variants.Continued research and development are crucial to discovering new immunization strategies that will effectively protect public health against the evolving virus.

Epidemiological and Clinical Characteristics of COVID-19 in Adolescents and Young Adults

BACKGROUND Adolescents and young adults might play a key role in the worldwide spread of Coronavirus Disease 2019(COVID-19)because they are more likely to be involved in overseas study,business,work,and travel.However,the epidemiological and clinical characteristics remain unknown.