Clinical correlation of gallstone disease in a Chinese population in Taiwan:Experience at Cheng Hsin General Hospital

瞄准：在与它有关的台湾和联系条件的因素探索胆石疾病(GSD ) 的流行。方法：我们自愿地学习了 2386 个健康成年人(1235 男性和 1151 女性) 的一个总数为在 2002 年 1 月和 2002 年 12 月之间的付的物理检查承认了到 Cheng Hsin 医院将军。血样品和超声 sonography 结果是镇定的。结果：在这张学习人口之中的 GSD 的全面流行是 5.3% ，包括 1.7%(n=40 ) 有一块单个石头， 2.3%(n=55 ) 有多重石头，并且 1.3%(n=31 ) 有胆囊炎。流行与增加年龄(P【0.0001 ) 揭示了统计上重要的增加。女性们比展出了多重石头的更大的流行做了男性(3.0% 对 1.7% ， P=0.04 ) 。用多重逻辑回归分析，下列看起来是显著地与 GSD 的流行有关：老年(40-49 年对 【 40 年， OR=1.63 [95% CI：0.76-3.48 ] ， 50-59 年对 【 40 年， OR=4.93 [95% CI：2.43-9.99 ] ， 60-69 年对 【 40 年， OR=6.82 [95% CI：3.19-14.60 ] ， 】 或 = 70 年对 【 40 年， OR=10.65 [95% CI：4.78-23.73 ]) ，更高的 BMI (】 或 = 27 kg/m2 对 【 24 kg/m2，调整 OR=1.74 [95% CI：1.04-2.88 ]) ，并且更高的 FPG (】 或 = 126 mg/dL 对 【 110 mg/dL， OR=1.71， 95%CI：1.01-2.96 ) 。结论：老年(】 或 = 50 年) ，肥胖(BMI 】 或 = 27 kg/m2 ) ，并且类型 2 糖尿病(FPG 】 或 = 126 mg/dL ) 与 GSD 的流行被联系。

A population-based follow-up study on gallstone disease among type 2 diabetics in Kinmen,Taiwan

瞄准：估计发生并且在 Kinmen 在类型 2 糖尿病患者之中为胆石疾病(GSD ) 冒因素的风险，台湾。方法：为 GSD 的一个屏蔽节目被采用了即时腹的超声在病人们有 fasted 至少八个小时以后，检验腹的区域的二位专家执行。屏蔽，它在 2001 被进行，包含了与类型 2 糖尿病诊断的 848 个病人。在有流行 GSD 的 63 个题目的排除以后，没有 GSD 的 377 个参加者为秒轮屏蔽在 2002 被邀请。281 的一个总数(74.5%) 使遭到是 re-examined。结果：在 281 类型之中没在首先屏蔽有 GSD 的 2 名糖尿病患者， 10 在 2002 开发了 GSD。发生每年是 3.56%(95% CI：1.78% 每 year-6.24% 每年) 。用一个考克斯回归模型，变老(RR = 1.07， 95% CI：1.00-1.14 ) ，腰圆周(RR = 1.12， 95% CI：1.01-1.29 ) ，并且中高音(RR = 1.13， 95%CI：1.01-1.26 ) 看起来显著地与 GSD 的开发被相关。结论：老年是为 GSD 的发展的一个已知的风险因素。我们那更大的腰圆周和提高的中高音铺平的学习表演也在 Kinmen 在类型 2 糖尿病患者之中与 GSD 的发展被联系。

Serum insulin, insulin resistance, p-cell dysfunction, and gallstone disease among type 2 diabetics in Chinese population: A community-based study in Kinmen, Taiwan

AIM: To explore the association of serum insulin, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction with gallstone disease (GSD) in type 2 diabetics. METHODS: We used a community-based study conducted between 1991 and 1993 in Kinmen, Taiwan to identify type 2 diabetics. A screening program for GSD was performed in 2001 by a panel of specialists who employed real-time ultrasound sonography to examine the abdominal region after the patient had fasted for at least 8 h. Screening was conducted in 2001 on 848 patients diagnosed with type 2 diabetes. The HOMA method was used to compare the profile differences for insulin resistance (HOMA IR) and β-cell dysfunction (HOMA β-cell). RESULTS: We studied 440 type 2 diabetics who attended sonography check-ups. After excluding eight insulin-treated diabetics, the prevalence of GSD among the remaining 432 was 13.9% (26/187) among males and 14.7% (36/245) among females. After adjustment for other GSD-associated risk factors in addition to age and obesity, GSD risk increased among females with levels of serum insulin [4th vs 1st quartile odds ratios (OR) = 4.46 (95%CI: 1.71-11.66)] and HOMA IR [4th vs 1st quartile OR = 4.46 (95%CI: 1.71-11.66)]. Better HOMA β-cell function was significantly related to decreased risk of GSD [4th vs 1st quartile OR = 0.16 (95%CI: 0.03-1.70)]. Among males, age and central obesity were the most significant risk factors for GSD. No association of GSD with serum insulin, HOMA IR, and HOMA β-cell was observed among males. CONCLUSION: Serum insulin, insulin resistance, and β-cell dysfunction are risk factors for GSD in females, but not males with type 2 diabetes.

Self-Efficacy Triggers Psychological Appraisal Mechanism for Mindset Shift

This paper talks about how to insist staying in changed mindset based on the assigned cognitive reframing principles,andfinally the changed mindset become a forever psychological status by PSI model proposed by this study.P is the cognitive reframing principle of positive psychology,happiness in this case;S is self-efficacy,which plays the important role in maintaining the stress taker to psychologically stay in the changed mindset in the long run.I represent of insisting power,the mental toughness to against the adverse negative emotions.Improving university students’stress coping skills through the psychological dynamics formed by cognitive reframing principles of positive psychology,self-efficacy,and mental toughness will help them effectively deal with stressful events.This study aims to reduce university students’stress level by increasing their ability to cope with stress,and improving their life satisfaction by understanding the mechanism for mindset-shift of university students and proposal of the new PSI reframing model for creating a new path to let students view stressors as challenge,not hindrance.Theories adopted in this study include cognitive reframing principles,appraisal theory,hindrance-challenge theory,cognitive reframing the schema.In the introduction section,the authors will clearly depict the logics for utilization of these theories in supporting the proposed PSI model.This research was divided into two studies.Study 1 postulated that cognitive reframing principles of positive psychology,self-efficacy,and mental toughness have a positive mediating effect in the causal relationship between university students’stress level and life satisfaction.Findings revealed that stressful life events negatively predict the level of LS.Also,PP,SE,and MT exert a positive and significant impact on the relationship between stressful life events and LS.PP strengthens individuals’perception of stressful life events as chal-lenges instead of hindrances.This study showed that individuals need to think positively and develop self-efficacy in order to generate mental toughness when confronted with challenges from stressful life events,and needs to have self-efficacy and confidence towards cognitive reframing principles of positive psychology in their mind,andfinally form a mental toughness competence to protect the newly changed mindset in the long run.