Endoscopic submucosal dissection vs endoscopic mucosal resection for superficial esophageal cancer

AIM:To investigate the effectiveness of endoscopic submucosal dissection(ESD)and endoscopic mucosal resection(EMR)in treating superficial esophageal cancer(SEC).METHODS:Studies investigating the safety and efficacy of ESD and EMR for SEC were searched from the databases of Pubmed,Web of Science,EMBASE and the Cochrane Library.Primary end points included the en bloc resection rate and the curative resection rate.Secondary end points included operative time,rates of perforation,postoperative esophageal stricture,bleeding and local recurrence.The random-effect model and the fixed-effect model were used for statistical analysis.RESULTS:Eight studies were identified and included in the meta-analysis.As shown by the pooled analysis,ESD had significantly higher en bloc and curative resection rates than EMR.Local recurrence rate in the ESD group was remarkably lower than that in the EMR group.However,operative time and perforation rate for ESD were significantly higher than those for EMR.As for the rate of postoperative esophageal stricture and procedure-related bleeding,no significant difference was found between the two techniques.CONCLUSION:ESD seems superior to EMR in the treatment of SEC as evidenced by significantly higher en bloc and curative resection rates and by obviously lower local recurrence rate.

Constructing energetic covalent organic frameworks with high stability and low sensitivity

Developing new functional explosives that display high stability,good energy performance,and low sensitivity are one of the key directions of energetic materials research.In this work,two-dimensional(2D)Schiff-based energetic covalent organic frameworks(COFs)are prepared based on triaminoguanidine salts with different anions as building blocks.Benefiting from the robust covalent bond in 2D extended polygons and strongπ-πinteractions in the eclipsed interlayers,the synthesized energetic COFs showed higher thermal stability and lower mechanical sensitivity than their precursor salts.More importantly,incorporating triaminoguanidine salts into COFs effectively increase the corrosion resistance to metal under high humidity conditions,which is due to the imine moieties in COFs functioning asπacceptors and offering strong bonding with metallic ions.This work provides a new pathway for the development of high-performance energetic materials.

Cis-12-Oxo-Phytodienoic Acid Stimulates Rice Defense Response to a Piercing-Sucking Insect

The brown planthopper （BPH, Nilaparvata lugens） is a destructive, monophagous, piercing-sucking insect pest of rice. Previous studies indicated that jasmonic acid （JA） positively regulates rice defense against chewing insect pests but negatively regulates it against the piercing-sucking insect of BPH. We here demonstrated that overexpression of allene oxide cyclase （AOC） but not OPR3 （cis-12-oxo-phytodienoic acid （OPDA） reductase 3, an enzyme adjacent to AOC in the JA synthetic pathway） significantly increased rice resistance to BPH, mainly by reducing the feeding activity and survival rate. Further anal- ysis revealed that plant response to BPH under AOC overexpression was independent of the JA pathway and that significantly higher OPDA levels stimulated rice resistance to BPH. Microarray analysis identified multiple candidate resistance-related genes underAOCoverexpression. OPDA treatment stimulated the resistance of radish seedlings to green peach aphid Myzus persicae, another piercing-sucking insect. These results imply that rice resistance to chewing insects and to sucking insects can be enhanced simultaneously through AOC-mediated increases of JA and OPDA and provide direct evidence of the potential application of OPDA in stimulating plant defense responses to piercing-sucking insect pests in agriculture.