Computer aided diabetic retinopathy detection based on ophthalmic photography: a systematic review and Meta-analysis

AIM: To ensure the diagnostic value of computer aided techniques in diabetic retinopathy(DR) detection based on ophthalmic photography(OP). METHODS: PubM ed, EMBASE, Ei village, IEEE Xplore and Cochrane Library database were searched systematically for literatures about computer aided detection(CAD) in DR detection. The methodological quality of included studies was appraised by the Quality Assessment Tool for Diagnostic Accuracy Studies(QUADAS-2). Meta-Di Sc was utilized and a random effects model was plotted to summarize data from those included studies. Summary receiver operating characteristic curves were selected to estimate the overall test performance. Subgroup analysis was used to identify the efficiency of CAD in detecting DR, exudates(EXs), microaneurysms(MAs) as well as hemorrhages(HMs), and neovascularizations(NVs). Publication bias was analyzed using STATA. RESULTS: Fourteen articles were finally included in this Meta-analysis after literature review. Pooled sensitivity and specificity were 90%(95%CI, 85%-94%) and 90%(95%CI, 80%-96%) respectively for CAD in DR detection. With regard to CAD in EXs detecting, pooled sensitivity, specificity were 89%(95%CI, 88%-90%) and99%(95%CI, 99%-99%) respectively. In aspect of MAs and HMs detection, pooled sensitivity and specificity of CAD were 42%(95%CI, 41%-44%) and 93%(95%CI, 93%-93%) respectively. Besides, pooled sensitivity and specificity were 94%(95%CI, 89%-97%) and 87%(95%CI, 83%-90%) respectively for CAD in NVs detection. No potential publication bias was observed. CONCLUSION: CAD demonstrates overall high diagnostic accuracy for detecting DR and pathological lesions based on OP. Further prospective clinical trials are needed to prove such effect.

Comprehensive therapeutics targeting the corticospinal tract following spinal cord injury

Spinal cord injury(SCI),which is much in the public eye,is still a refractory disease compromising the well-being of both patients and society.In spite of there being many methods dealing with the lesion,there is still a deficiency in comprehensive strategies covering all facets of this damage.Further,we should also mention the structure called the corticospinal tract(CST)which plays a crucial role in the motor responses of organisms,and it will be the focal point of our attention.In this review,we discuss a variety of strategies targeting different dimensions following SCI and some treatments that are especially efficacious to the CST are emphasized.Over recent decades,researchers have developed many effective tactics involving five approaches:(1)tackle more extensive regions;(2)provide a regenerative microenvironment;(3)provide a glial microenvironment;(4)transplantation;and(5)other auxiliary methods,for instance,rehabilitation training and electrical stimulation.We review the basic knowledge on this disease and correlative treatments.In addition,some well-formulated perspectives and hypotheses have been delineated.We emphasize that such a multifaceted problem needs combinatorial approaches,and we analyze some discrepancies in past studies.Finally,for the future,we present numerous brand-new latent tactics which have great promise for curbing SCI.