Naringenin inhibits lipid accumulation by activating the AMPK pathway in vivo and in vitro

The aim of this study was to explore the lipid-lowering effect of naringenin and the underlying mechanism in high-fat-diet-fed SD rats and 3T3-L1 cells.In this study,SD rats were divided into the normal chow diet group(NCD),high fat diet group(HFD),three treatment groups feeding high-fat diet with naringenin(100,200,400 mg/kg)for 12 weeks.Results indicated that naringenin treatment decreased total cholesterol(TC),triglyceride(TG)and the non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol(non-HDL-C)levels in serum.Naringenin also alleviated hepatic steatosis and reduced the adipocyte size in the epididymis in high-fat-diet-induced SD rats.In addition,naringenin(25−75μg/mL)decrease TG and TC levels in 3T3 mature adipocytes.The molecular mechanism of naringenin in the treatment of obesity were predicted by using network pharmacology.Real-time PCR analysis results showed that naringenin regulated the expression of lipid metabolism genes.Meanwhile,naringenin increased the AMPK(AMP-activated protein kinase)activity and the expression of AMPK phosphorylated protein in 3T3 mature adipocytes.And the inhibitory effect of naringenin on lipid accumulation in 3T3 adipocytes was abolished by Compound C.Molecular docking results indicated that naringenin could bind to AMPK protein.These results indicated naringenin reduced lipid accumulation through AMPK pathway.

NEW NON-NATURALLY REDUCTIVE EINSTEIN METRICS ON Sp(n)

In this paper, we consider a class of left invariant Riemannian metrics on Sp(n),which is invariant under the adjoint action of the subgroup Sp(n-3) × Sp(1) × Sp(1) × Sp(1).Based on the related formulae in the literature, we show that the existence of Einstein metrics is equivalent to the existence of solutions of some homogeneous Einstein equations. Then we use a technique of the Gr?bner basis to get a sufficient condition for the existence, and show that this method will lead to new non-naturally reductive metrics.

Insights into salvianolic acid B biosynthesis from chromosome-scale assembly of the Salvia bowleyana genome

Salvia bowleyanais a traditional Chinese medic-inal plant that is a source of nutritional supple-ments rich in salvianolic acid B and a potentialexperimental system for the exploration ofsalvianolic acid B biosynthesis in the Labiatae.Here,we report a high‐quality chromosome‐scalegenome assembly of S.bowleyana covering 462.44 Mb,with a scaffold N50 value of 57.96 Mband 44,044 annotated protein‐coding genes.Evolutionary analysis revealed an estimateddivergence time betweenS.bowleyanaand its close relativeS.miltiorrhiza of~3.94 millionyears.We also observed evidence of a whole‐genome duplication in theS.bowleyanagenome.Transcriptome analysis showed that SbPAL1(PHENYLALANINE AMMONIA‐LYASE1)ishighlyexpressed in roots relative to stem and leaves,paralleling the location of salvianolic acid Baccumulation.The laccase gene family in S.bowley anaoutnumbered their counterparts inbothS.miltiorrhiza and Arabidopsis thaliana,suggesting that the gene family has undergoneexpansion inS.bowleyana.Several laccasegenes were also highly expressed in roots,wheretheir encoded proteins may catalyze the oxida-tive reaction from rosmarinic acid to salvianolicacid B.Thesefindings provide an invaluable ge-nomic resource for understanding salvianolicacid B biosynthesis and its regulation,and will beuseful for exploring the evolution of the Labiatae.

Non-naturally reductive Einstein metrics on Sp(n)

We prove that Sp(2k+l)admits at least two non-naturally reductive Einstein metrics which are Ad(Sp(k)×Sp(k)×Sp(l))-invariant ifk<1.It implies that every compact simple Lie group Sp(n)for n≥4 admits at least 2[(n-1)/3]non-naturally reductive left-invariant Einstein metrics.

Classification of invariant Einstein metrics on certain compact homogeneous spaces

In this paper,we study invariant Einstein metrics on certain compact homogeneous spaces with three isotropy summands.We show that,if G/K is a compact isotropy irreducible space with G and K simple,then except for some very special cases,the coset space G×G/△(K)carries at least two invariant Einstein metrics.Furthermore,in the case that G1,G2 and K are simple Lie groups,with K■G1,K■G2,and G_1≠G2,such that G_1/K and G2/K are compact isotropy irreducible spaces,we give a complete classification of invariant Einstein metrics on the coset space G1×G2/△(K).

Geodesic orbit metrics on homogeneous spaces constructed by strongly isotropy irreducible spaces

In this paper,we focus on homogeneous spaces which are constructed from two strongly isotropy irreducible spaces,and prove that any geodesic orbit metric on these spaces is naturally reductive.