CG hypermethylation of the bHLH39 promoter regulates its expression and Fe deficiency responses in tomato roots

Iron(Fe)is an essential micronutrient for all organisms,including plants,whose limited bioavailability restricts plant growth,yield,and nutritional quality.While the transcriptional regulation of plant responses to Fe deficiency have been extensively studied,the contribution of epigenetic modulations,such as DNA methylation,remains poorly understood.Here,we report that treatment with a DNA methylase inhibitor repressed Fe deficiency-induced responses in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)roots,suggesting the importance of DNA methylation in regulating Fe deficiency responses.Dynamic changes in the DNA methylome in tomato roots responding to short-term(12 hours)and long-term(72 hours)Fe deficiency identified many differentially methylated regions(DMRs)and DMR-associated genes.Most DMRs occurred at CHH sites under short-term Fe deficiency,whereas they were predominant at CG sites following long-term Fe deficiency.Furthermore,no correlation was detected between the changes in DNA methylation levels and the changes in transcript levels of the affected genes under either short-term or long-term treatments.Notably,one exception was CG hypermethylation at the bHLH39 promoter,which was positively correlated with its transcriptional induction.In agreement,we detected lower CG methylation at the bHLH39 promoter and lower bHLH39 expression in MET1-RNA interference lines compared with wild-type seedlings.Virus-induced gene silencing of bHLH39 and luciferase reporter assays revealed that bHLH39 is positively involved in the modulation of Fe homeostasis.Altogether,we propose that dynamic epigenetic DNA methylation in the CG context at the bHLH39 promoter is involved in its transcriptional regulation,thus contributing to the Fe deficiency response of tomato.

A New Class of Partial Orders

Let R be a unital*-ring.For any a,w,b∈R,we apply the w-core inverse to define a new class of partial orders in R,called the w-core partial order.Suppose that a,b∈R are w-core invertible.We say that a is below b under the w-core partial order if a_(w)^(#)a=a_(w)^(#)b and a_(w)a_(w)^(#)=bwa_(w)^(#),where a_(w)^(#)denotes the w-core inverse of a.Characterizations of the w-core partial order are given,and its relationships with several types of partial orders are also considered.In particular,we show that the core partial order coincides with the a-core partial order,and the star partial order coincides with the a*-core partial order.

Antimony fluoride(SbF_(3)):A potent hole suppressor for tin(II)-halide perovskite devices

Tin(Sn^(2+))-based halide perovskites have been developed as the most prom-ising alternatives to their toxic Pb-based counterparts in optoelectronic devices.However,the facile tin vacancy formation and easy oxidization characteristics make Sn^(2+)-based perovskites highly p-doped with excessive hole concentrations,which significantly hinder their applications.Herein,we demonstrate a potent hole inhibitor of antimony fluoride(SbF_(3)),which possesses a higher hole-suppression capability than conventional tin fluo-ride(SnF_(2)).A small amount of SbF_(3) allows a wide range of hole-density modulation with no or less SnF_(2) addition,thus mitigating the negative effects of using only SnF_(2).A SnF_(2)/SbF_(3) co-additive approach was further developed to achieve high-performance Sn 2+perovskite thin-film transis-tors operated in the enhancement mode with a five-fold enhancement of the field-effect mobility and improved operational stability compared to using only SnF_(2).We expect that the SbF 3 hole suppressor and co-additive approach can provide opportunities for the development of high-efficiency Sn^(2+)-perovskite optoelectronic devices.

Doxorubicin-conjugated pH-responsive gold nanorods for combined photothermal therapy and chemotherapy of cancer

Cancer chemotherapy can be hindered by drug resistance which leads to lower drug efficiency.Here,we have developed a drug delivery system that tethers doxorubicin to the surface of gold nanorods via a pHsensitive linkage(AuNRs@DOX),for a combined photothermal and chemical therapy for cancer.First,AuNRs@DOX is ingested by HepG2 liver cancer cells.After endocytosis,the acidic pH triggers the release of doxorubicin,which leads to chemotherapeutic effects.The gold nanorods are not only carriers of DOX,but also photothermal conversion agents.In the presence of an 808 nm near-infrared laser,AuNRs@DOX significantly enhance the cytotoxicity of doxorubicin via the photothermal effect,which induces elevated apoptosis of hepG2 cancer cells,leading to better therapeutic effects in vitro and in vivo.

Weighted Moore-Penrose Inverses and Weighted Core Inverses in Rings with Involution

In this paper,the authors derive the existence criteria and the formulae of the weighted Moore-Penrose inverse,the e-core inverse and the f-dual core inverse in rings.Also,new characterizations between weighted Moore-Penrose inverses and one-sided inverses along an element are given.

The miR157-SPL-CNR module acts upstream of bHLH101 to negatively regulate iron deficiency responses in tomato

Iron(Fe)homeostasis is critical for plant growth,development,and stress responses.Fe levels are tightly controlled by intricate regulatory networks in which transcription factors(TFs)play a central role.A series of basic helix-loop-helix(b HLH)TFs have been shown to contribute to Fe homeostasis,but the regulatory layers beyond b HLH TFs remain largely unclear.Here,we demonstrate that the SQUAMOSA PROMOTER-BINDING PROTEIN-LIKE(SPL)TF Sl SPL-CNR negatively regulates Fe-deficiency responses in tomato(Solanum lycopersicum)roots.Fe deficiency rapidly repressed the expression of Sl SPL-CNR,and Fe deficiency responses were intensified in two clustered regularly interspaced palindromic repeats(CRISPR)/CRISPRassociated protein 9-generated Sl SPL-CNR knockout lines compared to the wild-type.Comparative transcriptome analysis identified 47 Fe deficiencyresponsive genes the expression of which is negatively regulated by Sl SPL-CNR,one of which,Slb HLH101,helps regulate Fe uptake genes.Sl SPLCNR localizes the nucleus and interacts with the GTAC and BOX 4(ATTAAT)motifs in the Slb HLH101 promoter to repress its expression.Inhibition of Sl SPL-CNR expression in response to Fe deficiency was well correlated with the expression of the micro RNA Slymi R157.Slymi R157-overexpressing tomato lines displayed enhanced Fe deficiency responses,as did Sl SPL-CNR loss-of-function mutants.We propose that the Slymi R157-Sl SPL-CNR module represents a novel pathway that acts upstream of Slb HLH101 to regulate Fe homeostasis in tomato roots.

Soil-Transmitted Helminthiasis--China,2018

What is already known about this topic?Soil-transmitted helminthiasis(STH)is distributed widely in China and a large number of the population is afflicted.However,trends of STH infections are decreasing.What is added by this report?The most recent data indicates that the overall prevalence of STH was 1.29% in 2018 in China,which was based on the national sentinel surveillance and demonstrates a continuous decline pattern.What are the implications for public health practice?Considering the current prevalence in China and various endemic statuses in different regions,precision control measures should be implemented for the control and elimination of STH in China.

Wide-range optical sensors based on a single ring resonator with polarization multiplexing

Wide-range optical sensors based on a single ring resonator are investigated theoretically and experimentally.The sensor worked at the TE and TM modes simultaneously. Because the sensitivities of the TE mode and TM mode are different, the TE mode is used for the large measurement range, and the TM mode is used for the high sensitivity measurement. The experimental results showed that the measurement range for the TE mode was almost three times larger than that of the TM mode. A sensitivity of 233 nm/RIU was achieved for the wavelength interrogation of the TM mode.

Integrative Proteomic Analysis of Multiple Posttranslational Modifications in Inflammatory Response

Posttranslational modifications(PTMs)of proteins,particularly acetylation,phosphorylation,and ubiquitination,play critical roles in the host innate immune response.PTMs’dynamic changes and the crosstalk among them are complicated.To build a comprehensive dynamic network of inflammation-related proteins,we integrated data from the whole-cell proteome(WCP),acetylome,phosphoproteome,and ubiquitinome of human and mouse macrophages.Our datasets of acetylation,phosphorylation,and ubiquitination sites helped identify PTM crosstalk within and across proteins involved in the inflammatory response.Stimulation of macrophages by lipopolysaccharide(LPS)resulted in both degradative and non-degradative ubiquitination.Moreover,this study contributes to the interpretation of the roles of known inflammatory molecules and the discovery of novel inflammatory proteins.

Integrative proteomics reveals the role of E3 ubiquitin ligase SYVN1 in hepatocellular carcinoma metastasis

Background:Tumor metastasis is a major factor for poor prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),but the relationship between ubiquitination and metastasis need to be studiedmore systematically.We analyzed the ubiquitinome of HCC in this study to have a more comprehensive insight into human HCC metastasis.Methods:The protein ubiquitination levels in 15 HCC specimens with vascular invasion and 15 without vascular invasion were detected by ubiquitinome.Proteins with significantly different ubiquitination levels between HCCs with and without vascular invasion were used to predict E3 ubiquitin ligases associated with tumor metastasis.The topological network of protein substrates and corresponding E3 ubiquitin ligaseswas constructed to identify the key E3 ubiquitin ligase.Besides,the growth,migration and invasion ability of LM3 and HUH7 hepatoma cell lines with andwithout SYVN1 expression interferencewere measured by cell proliferation assay,subcutaneous tumor assay,umphal vein endothelium tube formation assay,transwell migration and invasion assays.Finally,the interacting proteins of SYVN1 were screened and verified by protein interaction omics,immunofluorescence,and immunoprecipitation.Ubiquitin levels of related protein substrates in LM3 and HUH7 cells were compared in negative control,SYVN1 knockdown,and SYVN1 overexpression groups.Results:In this study,our whole-cell proteomic dataset and ubiquitinomic dataset contained approximately 5600 proteins and 12,000 ubiquitinated sites.We discovered increased ubiquitinated sites with shorter ubiquitin chains during the progression ofHCC metastasis.In addition,proteomic and ubiquitinomic analyses revealed that high expression of E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase SYVN1 is related with tumor metastasis.Furthermore,we found that SYVN1 interacted with heat shock protein 90(HSP90)and impacted the ubiquitination of eukaryotic elongation factor 2 kinase(EEF2K).Conclusions:The ubiquitination profiles of HCC with and without vascular invasion were significantly different.SYVN1 was the most important E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase responsible for this phenomenon,and itwas related with tumormetastasis and growth.Therefore,SYVN1might be a potential therapeutic target for HCC.