We propose a two-stage stochastic model for optimizing the operation of energy storage. The model captures two important features: uncertain real-time prices when day-ahead operational commitments are made;and the pri...We propose a two-stage stochastic model for optimizing the operation of energy storage. The model captures two important features: uncertain real-time prices when day-ahead operational commitments are made;and the price impact of charging and discharging energy storage. We demonstrate that if energy storage has full flexibility to make real-time adjustments to its day-ahead commitment and market prices do not respond to charging and discharging decisions, there is no value in using a stochastic modeling framework, i.e., the value of stochastic solution is always zero. This is because in such a case the energy storage behaves purely as a financial arbitrageur day ahead, which can be captured using a deterministic model.We show also that prices responding to its operation can make it profitable for energy storage to "waste" energy, for instance by charging and discharging simultaneously, which is normally sub-optimal. We demonstrate our model and how to calibrate the price-response functions from historical data with a practical case study.展开更多
Organic electrolyte-gated transistors(OEGTs) have the benefits of low power consumption and large current modulation.Nevertheless,the electrical performance of n-type OEGTs lags far behind that of p-type OEGTs.In this...Organic electrolyte-gated transistors(OEGTs) have the benefits of low power consumption and large current modulation.Nevertheless,the electrical performance of n-type OEGTs lags far behind that of p-type OEGTs.In this study,we design a series of polymers,P(NDITEG-T) and P(NDIMTEG-T),comprising a naphthalene diimide backbone for n-type charge transport and oligo(ethylene glycol)(OEG) side chains for high ionic conductivity and eco-friendly solution processing.The incorporation of the OEG chain facilitates the electrochemical doping of the semiconductor by ions to realize high-performance,n-type OEGTs.Notably,in OEGTs,P(NDITEG-T) achieves a high electron mobility of 1.0 × 10^(-1) cm^(2) V^(-1) s^(-1),which represents the highest value reported for solution-processed,n-type OEGTs.It is noted that the fabrication of the OEGTs is achieved by solution processing with eco-friendly ethanol/water mixtures in virtue of the hydrophilic OEG chains.This work demonstrates the molecular design of the P(NDITEG-T) polymer and its significant ability to produce aqueous-processable,high-performance,and n-type OEGTs.展开更多
基金supported by Department of Integrated Systems Engineering at The Ohio State University through the Bonder Fellowship。
文摘We propose a two-stage stochastic model for optimizing the operation of energy storage. The model captures two important features: uncertain real-time prices when day-ahead operational commitments are made;and the price impact of charging and discharging energy storage. We demonstrate that if energy storage has full flexibility to make real-time adjustments to its day-ahead commitment and market prices do not respond to charging and discharging decisions, there is no value in using a stochastic modeling framework, i.e., the value of stochastic solution is always zero. This is because in such a case the energy storage behaves purely as a financial arbitrageur day ahead, which can be captured using a deterministic model.We show also that prices responding to its operation can make it profitable for energy storage to "waste" energy, for instance by charging and discharging simultaneously, which is normally sub-optimal. We demonstrate our model and how to calibrate the price-response functions from historical data with a practical case study.
基金supported by the Materials & Components Technology Development Program (20006537, Development of High Performance Insulation Materials for Flexible OLED Display TFT)the Ministry of Trade, Industry & Energy (MOTIE, Republic of Korea)+1 种基金the grant from the Ministry of SMEs and Startups of the Korean Government (1425144083)the support by National Research Foundation of Korea (NRF) Grant of the Korean Government (2017M3A7B8065584)。
文摘Organic electrolyte-gated transistors(OEGTs) have the benefits of low power consumption and large current modulation.Nevertheless,the electrical performance of n-type OEGTs lags far behind that of p-type OEGTs.In this study,we design a series of polymers,P(NDITEG-T) and P(NDIMTEG-T),comprising a naphthalene diimide backbone for n-type charge transport and oligo(ethylene glycol)(OEG) side chains for high ionic conductivity and eco-friendly solution processing.The incorporation of the OEG chain facilitates the electrochemical doping of the semiconductor by ions to realize high-performance,n-type OEGTs.Notably,in OEGTs,P(NDITEG-T) achieves a high electron mobility of 1.0 × 10^(-1) cm^(2) V^(-1) s^(-1),which represents the highest value reported for solution-processed,n-type OEGTs.It is noted that the fabrication of the OEGTs is achieved by solution processing with eco-friendly ethanol/water mixtures in virtue of the hydrophilic OEG chains.This work demonstrates the molecular design of the P(NDITEG-T) polymer and its significant ability to produce aqueous-processable,high-performance,and n-type OEGTs.
