The discrepancy between the surgical technique and the type of adjuvant chemotherapy used in clinical trials and patient outcomes in terms of overall survival rates has led to the generation of different adjuvant trea...The discrepancy between the surgical technique and the type of adjuvant chemotherapy used in clinical trials and patient outcomes in terms of overall survival rates has led to the generation of different adjuvant treatment protocols in distinct parts of the world.The adjuvant treatment recommendation is generally chemoradiotherapy in the United States,perioperative chemotherapy in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe,and chemotherapy in Asia.These options mainly rely on the United States Intergroup-0116,United Kingdom British Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy,and the Asian Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial of S-1 for Gastric Cancer and Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin Adjuvant Study in Stomach Cancer trials.However,the benefits were evident for only certain patients,which were not very homogeneous regarding the type of surgery,chemotherapy regimens,and stage of disease.Whether the dissimilarities in survival are attributable to surgical technique or intrinsic biological differences is a subject of debate.Regardless of the extent of surgery,multimodal therapy may offer modest survival advantage at least for diseases with lymph node involvement.Moreover,in the era of individualized treatment for most of the other cancer types,identification of special subgroups comprising those who will derive more or no benefit from adjuvant therapy merits further investigation.The aim of this review is to reveal the historical evolution and future reflections of adjuvant treatment modalities for resected gastric cancer patients.展开更多
Most of the spatially moving vehicles and game controllers use a 2-3 DOF （degrees of freedom） joystick to manipulate objects position. However, most of the spatially moving vehicles have more than 3 degrees of freed...Most of the spatially moving vehicles and game controllers use a 2-3 DOF （degrees of freedom） joystick to manipulate objects position. However, most of the spatially moving vehicles have more than 3 degrees of freedom, such as helicopters, quadrotors, and planes. Therefore, additional equipment like pedals or buttons is required during the manipulation. In this study, a passive Stewart platform based 6 degrees of freedom joystick was developed to control spatially moving objects. The Stewart platform mechanism is a 6-degrees of freedom parallel mechanism, which has been used for simulators. The main challenge of using a parallel mechanism to manipulate objects is the computational burden of its forward kinematics. Therefore, an artificial neural network was used for the forward kinematic solution of the Stewart platform mechanism to obtain the fastest response. Linear potentiometers were used for the Stewart platform legs. A mathematical model of a quadrotor was used to test the capability of the joystick. The developed spatial joystick successfully manipulated the virtual quadrotor model.展开更多
Rapid development of pharmaceuticals outpaces the efforts to regulate and monitor their trace concentrations in the environment.This emerging issue can only be solved through field studies,solid fate and transport mod...Rapid development of pharmaceuticals outpaces the efforts to regulate and monitor their trace concentrations in the environment.This emerging issue can only be solved through field studies,solid fate and transport models,and adequate risk assessment of the concerned contaminants.This approach requires the availability of toxicological information about the contaminants along with an understanding of their full potential in different media of the environment.This review paper focuses on commonly used seven pharmaceutical families across the globe:antacids,antibiotics,antidepressants,antiepileptics,beta blockers,lipid lowering drugs,and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Within each family,pharmaceuticals which are widely prescribed,studied,and frequently detected in environment were selected.The concentration levels in the environment,updated physicochemical properties,main natural removal mechanism,and ecological risk assessment towards the receptors of those pharmaceuticals in aquatic and terrestrial systems were analyzed.The following results were observed in the literature:1)removal of the pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plants is reduced when the dissolved organic matter present;2)many studies have cited older physicochemical properties of the concerned pharmaceuticals assuming relative conditions in their studies which can affect the accuracy of a model;3)the number of studies are very limited for fate and transport in the soil;and 4)there is lack of cumulative risk assessment of mixed pharmaceutical substances.Therefore,this review will provide modeler with updated physiochemical properties;it will guide researchers to focus on removal of those contaminants at different lifecycle stages;and it will provide guidance to policy makers to develop effective policies and regulations.展开更多
文摘The discrepancy between the surgical technique and the type of adjuvant chemotherapy used in clinical trials and patient outcomes in terms of overall survival rates has led to the generation of different adjuvant treatment protocols in distinct parts of the world.The adjuvant treatment recommendation is generally chemoradiotherapy in the United States,perioperative chemotherapy in the United Kingdom and parts of Europe,and chemotherapy in Asia.These options mainly rely on the United States Intergroup-0116,United Kingdom British Medical Research Council Adjuvant Gastric Infusional Chemotherapy,and the Asian Adjuvant Chemotherapy Trial of S-1 for Gastric Cancer and Capecitabine and Oxaliplatin Adjuvant Study in Stomach Cancer trials.However,the benefits were evident for only certain patients,which were not very homogeneous regarding the type of surgery,chemotherapy regimens,and stage of disease.Whether the dissimilarities in survival are attributable to surgical technique or intrinsic biological differences is a subject of debate.Regardless of the extent of surgery,multimodal therapy may offer modest survival advantage at least for diseases with lymph node involvement.Moreover,in the era of individualized treatment for most of the other cancer types,identification of special subgroups comprising those who will derive more or no benefit from adjuvant therapy merits further investigation.The aim of this review is to reveal the historical evolution and future reflections of adjuvant treatment modalities for resected gastric cancer patients.
文摘Most of the spatially moving vehicles and game controllers use a 2-3 DOF （degrees of freedom） joystick to manipulate objects position. However, most of the spatially moving vehicles have more than 3 degrees of freedom, such as helicopters, quadrotors, and planes. Therefore, additional equipment like pedals or buttons is required during the manipulation. In this study, a passive Stewart platform based 6 degrees of freedom joystick was developed to control spatially moving objects. The Stewart platform mechanism is a 6-degrees of freedom parallel mechanism, which has been used for simulators. The main challenge of using a parallel mechanism to manipulate objects is the computational burden of its forward kinematics. Therefore, an artificial neural network was used for the forward kinematic solution of the Stewart platform mechanism to obtain the fastest response. Linear potentiometers were used for the Stewart platform legs. A mathematical model of a quadrotor was used to test the capability of the joystick. The developed spatial joystick successfully manipulated the virtual quadrotor model.
文摘Rapid development of pharmaceuticals outpaces the efforts to regulate and monitor their trace concentrations in the environment.This emerging issue can only be solved through field studies,solid fate and transport models,and adequate risk assessment of the concerned contaminants.This approach requires the availability of toxicological information about the contaminants along with an understanding of their full potential in different media of the environment.This review paper focuses on commonly used seven pharmaceutical families across the globe:antacids,antibiotics,antidepressants,antiepileptics,beta blockers,lipid lowering drugs,and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs.Within each family,pharmaceuticals which are widely prescribed,studied,and frequently detected in environment were selected.The concentration levels in the environment,updated physicochemical properties,main natural removal mechanism,and ecological risk assessment towards the receptors of those pharmaceuticals in aquatic and terrestrial systems were analyzed.The following results were observed in the literature:1)removal of the pharmaceuticals from wastewater treatment plants is reduced when the dissolved organic matter present;2)many studies have cited older physicochemical properties of the concerned pharmaceuticals assuming relative conditions in their studies which can affect the accuracy of a model;3)the number of studies are very limited for fate and transport in the soil;and 4)there is lack of cumulative risk assessment of mixed pharmaceutical substances.Therefore,this review will provide modeler with updated physiochemical properties;it will guide researchers to focus on removal of those contaminants at different lifecycle stages;and it will provide guidance to policy makers to develop effective policies and regulations.
