Arctic Ocean gateway fluxes play a crucial role in linking the Arctic with the global ocean and affecting climate and marine ecosystems.We reviewed past studies on Arctic-Subarctic ocean linkages and examined their ch...Arctic Ocean gateway fluxes play a crucial role in linking the Arctic with the global ocean and affecting climate and marine ecosystems.We reviewed past studies on Arctic-Subarctic ocean linkages and examined their changes and driving mechanisms.Our review highlights that radical changes occurred in the inflows and outflows of the Arctic Ocean during the 2010s.Specifically,the Pacific inflow temperature in the Bering Strait and Atlantic inflow temperature in the Fram Strait hit record highs,while the Pacific inflow salinity in the Bering Strait and Arctic outflow salinity in the Davis and Fram straits hit record lows.Both the ocean heat convergence from lower latitudes to the Arctic and the hydrological cycle connecting the Arctic with Subarctic seas were stronger in 2000-2020 than in 1980-2000.CMIP6 models project a continuing increase in poleward ocean heat convergence in the 21st century,mainly due to warming of inflow waters.They also predict an increase in freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean,with the largest increase in freshwater export expected to occur in the Fram Strait due to both increased ocean volume export and decreased salinity.Fram Strait sea ice volume export hit a record low in the 2010s and is projected to continue to decrease along with Arctic sea ice decline.We quantitatively attribute the variability of the volume,heat,and freshwater transports in the Arctic gateways to forcing within and outside the Arctic based on dedicated numerical simulations and emphasize the importance of both origins in driving the variability.展开更多
In the Review Article"A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages:Past Changes,Mechanisms,and Future Projections"[1],the x-axis in Figure 4B and y-axis in Figure 8F were skewed during picture beautification...In the Review Article"A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages:Past Changes,Mechanisms,and Future Projections"[1],the x-axis in Figure 4B and y-axis in Figure 8F were skewed during picture beautification by an artist.These errors did not affect the conclusions of the paper.Figures 4B and 8F have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML(full text).展开更多
基金Q.W.was supported by the German Helmholtz Climate Initiative REKLIM(Regional Climate Change and Humans)and the German Federal Ministry for Education and Research(BMBF)within the EPICA project(grant no.03F0889A)Q.S.was supported by the Taishan Scholars Program(no.tsqn202211264)+7 种基金the Shandong Provincial Natural Science Foundation(ZR2022JQ17).S.W.was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant no.42005044).G.S.was supported by the German Research Foundation(DFG,Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft)through the Transregional Collaborative Research Center TRR 172“(AC)3-Arctic Amplification”(grant no.268020496)the European Union’s Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme via project CRiceS(grant no.101003826).The Bering Strait work is supported by NSF-OPP Arctic Observing Network grants 1758565 and 2153942.P.G.M.was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada via research grant rgpin227438-09.The Fram Strait Arctic Outflow Observatory is supported by the Norwegian Polar Institute and by the Norwegian Research Council through the FRIPRO program(FreshArc,grant 286971).C.M.L.and the Davis Strait observing system are supported by the U.S.National Science Foundation Arctic Observing Network under grant 1902595.
文摘Arctic Ocean gateway fluxes play a crucial role in linking the Arctic with the global ocean and affecting climate and marine ecosystems.We reviewed past studies on Arctic-Subarctic ocean linkages and examined their changes and driving mechanisms.Our review highlights that radical changes occurred in the inflows and outflows of the Arctic Ocean during the 2010s.Specifically,the Pacific inflow temperature in the Bering Strait and Atlantic inflow temperature in the Fram Strait hit record highs,while the Pacific inflow salinity in the Bering Strait and Arctic outflow salinity in the Davis and Fram straits hit record lows.Both the ocean heat convergence from lower latitudes to the Arctic and the hydrological cycle connecting the Arctic with Subarctic seas were stronger in 2000-2020 than in 1980-2000.CMIP6 models project a continuing increase in poleward ocean heat convergence in the 21st century,mainly due to warming of inflow waters.They also predict an increase in freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean,with the largest increase in freshwater export expected to occur in the Fram Strait due to both increased ocean volume export and decreased salinity.Fram Strait sea ice volume export hit a record low in the 2010s and is projected to continue to decrease along with Arctic sea ice decline.We quantitatively attribute the variability of the volume,heat,and freshwater transports in the Arctic gateways to forcing within and outside the Arctic based on dedicated numerical simulations and emphasize the importance of both origins in driving the variability.
文摘In the Review Article"A Review of Arctic–Subarctic Ocean Linkages:Past Changes,Mechanisms,and Future Projections"[1],the x-axis in Figure 4B and y-axis in Figure 8F were skewed during picture beautification by an artist.These errors did not affect the conclusions of the paper.Figures 4B and 8F have now been corrected in the PDF and HTML(full text).
