Precision medicine is based on the identification of biomarkers of tumor development and progression.Liquid biopsy is at the forefront of the ability to gather diagnostic and prognostic information on tumors,as it can...Precision medicine is based on the identification of biomarkers of tumor development and progression.Liquid biopsy is at the forefront of the ability to gather diagnostic and prognostic information on tumors,as it can be noninvasively performed prior or during treatment.Liquid biopsy mostly utilizes circulating tumor cells,or free DNA,but also exosomes.The latter are nanovesicles secreted by most cell types,found in any body fluid that deliver proteins,nucleic acids and lipids to nearby and distant cells with a unique homing ability.Exosomes function in signalling between the tumor microenvironment and the rest of the body,promoting metastasis,immune remodelling and drug resistance.Exosomes are emerging as a key tool in precision medicine for cancer liquid biopsy,as they efficiently preserve their biomarker cargo.Moreover,exosomes strongly resemble the parental cell,which can help in assessing the oxidative and metabolic state of the donor cell.In this respect,exosomes represent one of the most promising new tools to fight cancer.This review will discuss the clinical applications of profiling exosomal proteins and lipids by high-throughput proteomics and metabolomics,and nucleic acids by next generation sequencing,as well as how this may allow cancer diagnosis,therapy response monitoring and recurrence detection.展开更多
More than any other organs,brain energy demand is entirely dependent on glucose catabolism through the oxidative phosphorylation（OXPHOS）.Glucose is the major cerebral energy substrate in the nervous system（NS）.Ket...More than any other organs,brain energy demand is entirely dependent on glucose catabolism through the oxidative phosphorylation（OXPHOS）.Glucose is the major cerebral energy substrate in the nervous system（NS）.Ketone bodies can be utilized as an additional substrate,but in any case,neurons critically depend on oxygen supply.展开更多
Exosomes,nanovesicles of endocytic origin,are secreted by most cell types;cancer cells representing no exception.Exosomes facilitate intercellular communication as they deliver diverse proteins,mRNA,miRNA and lipids.I...Exosomes,nanovesicles of endocytic origin,are secreted by most cell types;cancer cells representing no exception.Exosomes facilitate intercellular communication as they deliver diverse proteins,mRNA,miRNA and lipids.In this review,we discuss how exosomes represent one of the main risks associated with cancer but also one of the most promising new tools to fight it.Exosomes appear to function as signalling molecules between the tumour microenvironment,i.e.,the complex of both cancer and stromal cells,and the rest of the body.Cancerderived exosomes have been shown to drive the initiation and progression of metastasis,by transporting their cargoes to target tissues.In this respect,exosomes are implicated in cancer progression,dissemination and therapy resistance.However,exosomes are also emerging as a key tool in precision medicine,pivotal for cancer liquid biopsy in early diagnosis and for assessing when there is a recurrence.Profiling exosomal cancer-derived nucleic acids by ultrasensitive next-generation sequencing along with mapping the protein profile utilizing highthroughput proteomics will allow earlier cancer detection,therapeutic stratification and monitoring of response to therapy.Exosomes are also a promising new tool for cancer immunotherapy.Clinically utilizing exosomes for these applications in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics will be the next challenge.展开更多
基金This study was supported by the Italian Ministry of Health-Cinque per mille and Ricerca Corrente to Istituto Giannina Gaslini and Fondazione Malattie Renali del Bambino OLNUS.
文摘Precision medicine is based on the identification of biomarkers of tumor development and progression.Liquid biopsy is at the forefront of the ability to gather diagnostic and prognostic information on tumors,as it can be noninvasively performed prior or during treatment.Liquid biopsy mostly utilizes circulating tumor cells,or free DNA,but also exosomes.The latter are nanovesicles secreted by most cell types,found in any body fluid that deliver proteins,nucleic acids and lipids to nearby and distant cells with a unique homing ability.Exosomes function in signalling between the tumor microenvironment and the rest of the body,promoting metastasis,immune remodelling and drug resistance.Exosomes are emerging as a key tool in precision medicine for cancer liquid biopsy,as they efficiently preserve their biomarker cargo.Moreover,exosomes strongly resemble the parental cell,which can help in assessing the oxidative and metabolic state of the donor cell.In this respect,exosomes represent one of the most promising new tools to fight cancer.This review will discuss the clinical applications of profiling exosomal proteins and lipids by high-throughput proteomics and metabolomics,and nucleic acids by next generation sequencing,as well as how this may allow cancer diagnosis,therapy response monitoring and recurrence detection.
基金Grant from the"Fondazione Giuseppe Levi–Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei"for the research project entitled:"Produzione extramitocondriale di ATP in mielina:localizzazione dei complessi della catena respiratoria e possible ruolo nella degenerazione assonale in Sclerosi Multipla",No.Borsa"Giuseppe Levi"_2013the‘‘Compagnia di San Paolo’’-Neuroscience Program,for the research project entitled:‘‘Energetic metabolism in myelinated axon:a new trophic role of myelin sheath’’,No.2008.1142
文摘More than any other organs,brain energy demand is entirely dependent on glucose catabolism through the oxidative phosphorylation（OXPHOS）.Glucose is the major cerebral energy substrate in the nervous system（NS）.Ketone bodies can be utilized as an additional substrate,but in any case,neurons critically depend on oxygen supply.
文摘Exosomes,nanovesicles of endocytic origin,are secreted by most cell types;cancer cells representing no exception.Exosomes facilitate intercellular communication as they deliver diverse proteins,mRNA,miRNA and lipids.In this review,we discuss how exosomes represent one of the main risks associated with cancer but also one of the most promising new tools to fight it.Exosomes appear to function as signalling molecules between the tumour microenvironment,i.e.,the complex of both cancer and stromal cells,and the rest of the body.Cancerderived exosomes have been shown to drive the initiation and progression of metastasis,by transporting their cargoes to target tissues.In this respect,exosomes are implicated in cancer progression,dissemination and therapy resistance.However,exosomes are also emerging as a key tool in precision medicine,pivotal for cancer liquid biopsy in early diagnosis and for assessing when there is a recurrence.Profiling exosomal cancer-derived nucleic acids by ultrasensitive next-generation sequencing along with mapping the protein profile utilizing highthroughput proteomics will allow earlier cancer detection,therapeutic stratification and monitoring of response to therapy.Exosomes are also a promising new tool for cancer immunotherapy.Clinically utilizing exosomes for these applications in cancer diagnosis and therapeutics will be the next challenge.
