Numerous physiological and pathological processes are controlled by free fatty acids, which act as signaling molecules in mammals. We hypothesized that oleic acid (Ole) might stimulate the formation of satellite-cell-...Numerous physiological and pathological processes are controlled by free fatty acids, which act as signaling molecules in mammals. We hypothesized that oleic acid (Ole) might stimulate the formation of satellite-cell-derived intramuscular adipose tissue. The role of Ole as a ligand of <em>G-protein-coupled receptor 43</em> (<em>GPR4</em>3) was previously identified. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Ole on <em>GPR43</em> and factors related to the adipogenic differentiation of bovine satellite cells (BSC). Treatments of 100 μM and 500 μM Ole tended to induce greater (P < 0.10) mRNA expression of <em>CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β</em> (<em>C/EBPβ</em>) compared to all other doses. The mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (<em>PPARγ</em>) was not altered (<em>P</em> > 0.10) by treatment. The addition of 100 μM and 500 μM of Ole upregulated (<em>P</em> < 0.05) <em>GPR43</em> mRNA expression. Protein level of GPR43 was increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) by 100 μM of Ole treatments. Addition of Ole to BSC cultures induced transformation of myogenic cells into adipocyte-like cells that formed cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Increased expression of<em> C/EBPβ</em> in response to Ole might suppress myogenic differentiation. After the treatment of cells with Ole, increased expression of GPR43 could lead to phosphorylation of 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). Altogether, the results indicated that increased Ole might stimulate adipose tissue accumulation within the skeletal muscle of cattle by promoting adipogenic differentiation and activation of GPR43 in satellite cells.展开更多
It is known that fiber metal laminates （FML） as one of hybrid materials with thin metal sheets and fiber/epoxy layers have the characteristics of the excellent damage tolerance, fatigue and impact properties with a ...It is known that fiber metal laminates （FML） as one of hybrid materials with thin metal sheets and fiber/epoxy layers have the characteristics of the excellent damage tolerance, fatigue and impact properties with a relatively low density. Therefore, the mechanical components using FML can contribute the enhanced safety level of the sound construction toward the whole body. In this study, the impact performance of carbon reinforced aluminum laminates （CARAL） is investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. Drop weight tests are carried out with the weight of 4.7 kg at the speed of 1 and 2 m/s, respectively. Dynamic non-linear transient analyses are also accomplished using a finite element analysis software, ABAQUS. The experiment results and numerical results are compared with impact load-time histories. Also, energy-time histories are applied to investigate the impact performance of CARAL.展开更多
文摘Numerous physiological and pathological processes are controlled by free fatty acids, which act as signaling molecules in mammals. We hypothesized that oleic acid (Ole) might stimulate the formation of satellite-cell-derived intramuscular adipose tissue. The role of Ole as a ligand of <em>G-protein-coupled receptor 43</em> (<em>GPR4</em>3) was previously identified. Thus, the objective of the current study was to determine the effect of Ole on <em>GPR43</em> and factors related to the adipogenic differentiation of bovine satellite cells (BSC). Treatments of 100 μM and 500 μM Ole tended to induce greater (P < 0.10) mRNA expression of <em>CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein β</em> (<em>C/EBPβ</em>) compared to all other doses. The mRNA abundance of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (<em>PPARγ</em>) was not altered (<em>P</em> > 0.10) by treatment. The addition of 100 μM and 500 μM of Ole upregulated (<em>P</em> < 0.05) <em>GPR43</em> mRNA expression. Protein level of GPR43 was increased (<em>P</em> < 0.05) by 100 μM of Ole treatments. Addition of Ole to BSC cultures induced transformation of myogenic cells into adipocyte-like cells that formed cytoplasmic lipid droplets. Increased expression of<em> C/EBPβ</em> in response to Ole might suppress myogenic differentiation. After the treatment of cells with Ole, increased expression of GPR43 could lead to phosphorylation of 5’ AMP-activated protein kinase α (AMPKα). Altogether, the results indicated that increased Ole might stimulate adipose tissue accumulation within the skeletal muscle of cattle by promoting adipogenic differentiation and activation of GPR43 in satellite cells.
基金supported by a grant-in-aid for the Na-tional Core Research Center Program from the Ministry of Education Science & Technology and the Korea Science & Engineering Foundation (No. R15-2006-022-01001-0)support by the Korea Science and Engineering Foundation (KOSEF) NRL Program grant funded by the Korea government (MEST) (No. R0A-2008-000-20017-0)
文摘It is known that fiber metal laminates （FML） as one of hybrid materials with thin metal sheets and fiber/epoxy layers have the characteristics of the excellent damage tolerance, fatigue and impact properties with a relatively low density. Therefore, the mechanical components using FML can contribute the enhanced safety level of the sound construction toward the whole body. In this study, the impact performance of carbon reinforced aluminum laminates （CARAL） is investigated by experiments and numerical simulations. Drop weight tests are carried out with the weight of 4.7 kg at the speed of 1 and 2 m/s, respectively. Dynamic non-linear transient analyses are also accomplished using a finite element analysis software, ABAQUS. The experiment results and numerical results are compared with impact load-time histories. Also, energy-time histories are applied to investigate the impact performance of CARAL.
