Oral administration of red ginseng powder fermented with probiotic alleviates the severity of dextran-sulfate sodium-induced colitis in a mouse model

Red ginseng is a well-known alternative medicine with anti-inflammatory activity.It exerts pharmacological effects through the transformation of saponin into metabolites by intestinal microbiota.Given that intestinal microflora vary among individuals,the pharmacological effects of red ginseng likely vary among individuals.In order to produce homogeneously effective red ginseng,we prepared probiotic-fermented red ginseng and evaluated its activity using a dextran sulfate sodium(DSS)-induced colitis model in mice.Initial analysis of intestinal damage indicated that the administration of probiotic-fermented red ginseng significantly decreased the severity of colitis,compared with the control and the activity was higher than that induced by oral administration of ginseng powder or probiotics only.Subsequent analysis of the levels of serum IL-6 and TNF-α,inflammatory biomarkers that are increased at the initiation stage of colitis,were significantly decreased in probiotic-fermented red ginseng-treated groups in comparison to the control group.The levels of inflammatory cytokines and mR NAs for inflammatory factors in colorectal tissues were also significantly decreased in probiotic-fermented red ginseng-treated groups.Collectively,oral administration of probiotic-fermented red ginseng reduced the severity of colitis in a mouse model,suggesting that it can be used as a uniformly effective red ginseng product.