全油气系统理论基本原理

通过阐释全油气系统基本原理,并阐明全油气系统的结构,进而揭示常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气序列成藏规律以及全油气系统成藏模式与成藏机理;此外,阐述了页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理,并给出了进一步的研究方向。研究表明:(1)全油气系统的主要结构包括3类流体动力场、3种油气藏与油气资源,以及两种成藏作用。常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气具有形成时间和空间分布的有序性、基于成因机理的序列合理性,表现出“序列成藏”的地质规律。(2)全油气系统成藏模式可以分为“碎屑岩盆地成藏模式”与“碳酸盐岩盆地(层系)成藏模式”两类。非常规油气的聚集成藏是一种“自封闭成藏”,油气自封闭作用的微观来源是分子间作用力(范德华力)。(3)非常规油气生产实践证实,页岩油气-致密油气储层地质模型、流动模型与开发生产机理是一个全新的领域,极为复杂,有待进一步研究。页岩油气一定是中国油气资源中最重要的资源接替。(4)进一步研究方向包括:碳酸盐岩盆地全油气系统特征及复合盆地演化源储耦合规律;页岩油气与致密油气运移、成藏与开发生产的流动机理;深层超深层页岩油气、致密油气和煤层气油气地质特征与富集规律;全油气系统油气资源评价与新一代盆地模拟技术;地球系统—地球有机岩与化石能源系统—全油气系统研究。

鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界全油气系统成藏特征与天然气富集地质模式

通过对鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界烃源岩、生储盖组合和天然气成藏特征的分析,从全油气系统的角度,讨论天然气成藏富集主控因素,建立该盆地上古生界全油气系统天然气富集模式。结果表明,烃源岩、断裂和致密储集层等要素及其相互耦合关系对天然气分布和富集具有控制作用,其中,烃源岩的分布和生烃能力控制源内滞留页岩气和致密气的富集程度和分布范围;烃源岩的生烃能力与致密储集层的物性耦合关系控制盆地中心近源致密气的分布和甜点发育;盆地边缘远源致密气主要受断裂展布的控制,并且使得源内、近源和远源天然气分布受断裂调整改造。鄂尔多斯盆地上古生界天然气具有源内的煤层气与页岩气、致密砂岩夹层气和近源致密天然气、远源断裂输导天然气4种富集模式,目前盆地勘探的重点是源内致密气、近源致密气,未来煤层和页岩气、远源天然气聚集将是重要的潜在勘探领域。

中国超深层油气勘探领域研究进展与关键问题

基于油气勘探发现和地质认识进展,从成盆、成烃、成储及成藏的内在地质过程出发,揭示沉积盆地超深层油气的形成与赋存规律并探讨超深层领域的关键科学问题。中国超深层主要经历中新元古代和早古生代2个伸展-聚敛旋回,构造-沉积分异产生空间上相邻的源-储组合;发育丘滩体型、岩溶缝洞型、断溶型、白云岩型和断裂带型等多种类型规模性碳酸盐岩储集体、超压型碎屑岩和基岩裂缝性储集体;油气多期复合成藏,晚期调整定位;油气分布受高能滩带、区域不整合面、古隆起与大型断裂带等的控制;赋存多种成因的天然气和轻质油。超深层油气资源占剩余总资源量的33%,为中国油气勘探的重要接替领域;超深层的大型成藏地质单元与规模富集区带将是持续取得油气大发现的重点方向,勘探前景广阔。超深层油气地质条件和富集区带预测为油气地质学研究的关键科学问题。

Characteristics of Milankovitch Cycles in the Mid-Permian Liangshan and Qixia Formations of the Sichuan Basin——Examples from Well-Long17 and Well-Wujia1

The Liangshan and Qixia formations in the Sichuan Basin of central China were formed in the earlier middle Permian. Based on outcrop observation of the Changjianggou section at Shangsi, Guangyuan region and 3 rd -order sequence division in typical drillings, one-dimensional spectrum analysis has been used to choose the better curve between the natural gamma ray spectrometry log（ln （Th/K）） in Well-Long17 and the gamma ray log（GR） in Well-Wujia1, respectively, for identifying Milankovitch cycles in Sequence PSQ1 which comprises the Liangshan and Qixia formations, and then to identify the variation in the Milankovitch cycle sequences. On this basis, the system tract and 4 th -order sequence interfaces in Sequence PSQ1 were found via two-dimensional spectral analysis and digital filtering. Finally, a high-frequency sequence division program was established. Among these cycles, long eccentricity （413.0 ka） and short eccentricity （123.0 ka） are the most unambiguous, and they are separately the major control factors in forming 4 th -order （parasequence sets） and 5 th -order （parasequences） sequences, with the average thicknesses corresponding to the main cycles being 11.47 m and 3.32 m in Well-Long17, and 14.21 m and 3.79 m in Well-Wujia1, respectively. In other words, the deposition rate in the beach subfacies is faster than that of the inner ramp facies. The ln（Th/K） curve is more sensitive than the GR as the index of relatively ancient water depth in carbonate deposition. One-dimensional spectrum analysis of ln（Th/K） curve could distinguish the Milankovitch cycle sequences that arose from the Precession cycle （20.90 ka）, with a much higher credibility. Sequence PSQ1 in Well-Long17 contains 10 4 th -order sequences, and the growth span of Sequence PSQ1 consisting of the Liangshan and Qixia formations is about 4.13 Ma. The single deposition thickness of the long eccentricity cycle sequence has the characteristics of thinning and then thickening in the two-dimensional spectrum, which could be used to identify the system tract interface of the 3 rd -order sequence. The precession sequence thickness remains stationary. As a result, the early deposition rate in the mid-Permian of the Sichuan basin was very slow, remaining nearly stationary, and this reflects a sustained depositional environment. Whole-rock carbon and oxygen isotope curves could also prove this point. Milankovitch cycle sequence studies provide a basis for paleoenvironmental analysis and, as such, can be used to analyze ancient climate change, calculate deposition rate and deposition time, and carry out fine isochronous stratigraphic correlation.

松辽盆地北部中浅层全油气系统特征与油气成藏聚集模式

基于松辽盆地油气勘探实践,结合地震、测井、地球化学等勘探开发新资料,对松辽盆地北部中浅层全油气系统基本地质条件、油气类型、油气分布特征、成藏聚集动力、源储关系及成藏聚集模式开展系统研究。研究表明:①松辽盆地北部中浅层具备全油气系统形成条件,油气资源充足、储集层类型多样、输导体系发育,形成以白垩系青山口组烃源岩为中心的全油气系统。②全油气系统内不同类型油气资源在沉积体系、岩性组合及物性变化等方面存在关联作用,并在一定程度上造就了松辽盆地北部中浅层常规油藏-致密油-页岩油有序共生的空间分布特征。③纵向上,源上常规油、源内页岩油/致密油、源下致密油有序共生;平面上,自盆地边缘向凹陷中心有序发育常规油-致密油-夹层型页岩油-页岩型页岩油。④构建松辽盆地北部中浅层全油气系统源上常规油浮力充注成藏、源内页岩油滞留聚集、源下致密油源储压差充注聚集3类成藏聚集模式。提出的松辽盆地北部全油气系统新认识,为松辽盆地油气资源的整体勘探部署提供新思路,将有助于松辽盆地剩余油气资源高效勘探和新层系新领域快速获得油气发现。

中国海相超深层油气形成

超深层是指现今或曾经埋藏深度超过6000 m的沉积地层。中国海相超深层时代老,热演化程度高,经历的构造运动多,独特的构造-沉积和生烃环境,决定了海相超深层油气藏形成与分布的复杂性,成烃-成储-成藏规律明显不同于中浅地层,勘探的难度也远远大于国外中新生代克拉通盆地。经过半个多世纪的探索,近年来中国海相超深层油气勘探在中西部盆地取得一系列重大突破,显著提升了超深层领域油气资源的战略地位。与此同时,中国海相超深层油气地质理论也取得重大进展,形成了以重大地质转折期构造活动控制超深层油气地质要素发育、深埋高温环境导致多途径天然气生成、沉积-构造作用控制超深层油气储集空间形成与保持、超深层温压系统控制油气藏相态演化和多期成藏、多层系分布等为核心的理论认识,极大地发展了国外学者基于中新生代海相地层提出的油气生成与成藏模式,拓展了海相油气资源形成和分布的时空界限。

页岩油气革命与页岩油气、致密油气基础地质理论问题

页岩革命使美国摆脱了对进口石油天然气的依赖,成为了石油天然气净出口国。本文回顾了美国页岩革命历程,总结了页岩油气、致密油气的特点,分析了我国页岩革命的发展现状,提出了页岩油气、致密油气基础地质理论问题。研究表明:(A)美国具有资源禀赋好、科学技术创新能力强、投资能力巨大、工程施工能力强大等优势,已经实现了页岩革命,中国页岩革命正在进行中。(B)与常规油气相比,页岩油气致密油气的成藏模式、开发方式均有所不同。其具有连续性大面积分布,油气自封闭成藏,开发生产工程量巨大,油气田生产的“分布式”特点可灵活应对建产减产,以及采收率低的特点。(C)我国页岩油气进一步大幅上产需要满足7个条件:(1)资源清楚;(2)水平井、压裂技术成熟;(3)成本可控;(4)后期提高采收率工程空间大;(5)符合环境要求;(6)充分的资本投资;(7)强大的工程施工能力。(D)全油气系统具有常规油气—致密油气—页岩油气序列成藏的规律。页岩油气、致密油气藏具有储层致密、流体组成与相态复杂、油藏驱动方式多样的基本特征,面临着储层地质模型与流动模型不清的问题。需要进一步开展全油气系统理论研究,并大力发展甜点评价技术与压裂技术。

中国油气勘探开发成就与未来潜力:深层、深水与非常规油气——专访中国科学院院士、石油地质与构造地质学家贾承造

中国石油工业上游取得了举世瞩目的成就:在资源困难条件下石油产量保持在年产量2×108 t水平,天然气产量快速增长,2022年天然气产量2200×108 m3,成为世界第4大产气国。塔里木盆地克拉2气田的发现是中国天然气勘探史的标志性成果,主要归功于对塔里木盆地构造性质和库车含油气系统的杰出研究和资源预测。中国的风险勘探工程、岩性地层油气藏勘探工程,以及国家科技重大专项“大型油气田及煤层气开发”极大地推动了中国油气勘探开发,提升了中国石油工业勘探开发科技水平,为中国油气产量增长作出了重大贡献。中国石油工业上游未来的发展潜力在深层、深水和非常规油气的勘探开发,以及老油气田提高采收率和CCS-CCUS业务。未来石油工业的发展将更多地依靠深层、深水与非常规油气地质理论技术的创新、钻井压裂和海洋工程施工能力的建设、更高效的组织管理能力和献身于中国石油工业的年轻一代。

Upper Paleozoic total petroleum system and geological model of natural gas enrichment in Ordos Basin, NW China

Based on the analysis of Upper Paleozoic source rocks, source-reservoir-caprock assemblage, and gas accumulation characteristics in the Ordos Basin, the gas accumulation geological model of total petroleum system is determined. Then, taking the Carboniferous Benxi Formation and the Permian Taiyuan Formation and Shanxi Formation as examples, the main controlling factors of gas accumulation and enrichment are discussed, and the gas enrichment models of total petroleum system are established. The results show that the source rocks, faults and tight reservoirs and their mutual coupling relations control the distribution and enrichment of gas. Specifically, the distribution and hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks control the enrichment degree and distribution range of retained shale gas and tight gas in the source. The coupling between the hydrocarbon generation capacity of source rocks and the physical properties of tight reservoirs controls the distribution and sweet spot development of near-source tight gas in the basin center. The far-source tight gas in the basin margin is mainly controlled by the distribution of faults, and the distribution of inner-source, near-source and far-source gas is adjusted and reformed by faults. Generally, the Upper Paleozoic gas in the Ordos Basin is recognized in four enrichment models: inner-source coalbed gas and shale gas, inner-source tight sandstone gas, near-source tight gas, and far-source fault-transported gas. In the Ordos Basin, inner-source tight gas and near-source tight gas are the current focuses of exploration, and inner-source coalbed gas and shale gas and far-source gas will be important potential targets in the future.

Salt-Lake Basin Bedrock Weathered Crust Gas Reservoir in the Altun Mountains Front of the Qaidam Basin,Western China

The bedrock weathered crust in front of the Altun Mountains in the Qaidam Basin,western China,is different from others because this is a salt-lake basin,where saline water fluid infiltrates and is deposited in the overlying strata.A large amount of gypsum infills the bedrock weathered crust,and this has changed the pore structure.Using core observation,polarized light microscopy,electron probe,physical property analysis and field emission scanning electron microscopy experiments,the characteristics of the weathered bedrock have been studied.There are cracks and a small number of dissolved pores in the interior of the weathered crust.Matrix micropores are widely developed,especially the various matrix cracks formed by tectonics and weathering,as well as the stress characteristics of small dissolved pores,and physical properties such as porosity and permeability.This‘dual structure’developed in the bedrock is important for guiding the exploration of the lake basin bedrock for natural gas.

Research progress and key issues of ultra-deep oil and gas exploration in China

Based on the recent oil and gas discoveries and geological understandings on the ultra-deep strata of sedimentary basins, the formation and occurrence of hydrocarbons in the ultra-deep strata were investigated with respect to the processes of basin formation, hydrocarbon generation, reservoir formation and hydrocarbon accumulation, and key issues in ultra-deep oil and gas exploration were discussed. The ultra-deep strata in China underwent two extensional-convergent cycles in the Meso-Neoproterozoic Era and the Early Paleozoic Era respectively, with the tectonic-sedimentary differentiation producing the spatially adjacent source-reservoir assemblages. There are diverse large-scale carbonate reservoirs such as mound-beach, dolomite, karst fracture-vug, fractured karst and faulted zone, as well as over-pressured clastic rock and fractured bedrock reservoirs. Hydrocarbons were accumulated in multiple stages, accompanied by adjusting and finalizing in the late stage. The distribution of hydrocarbons is controlled by high-energy beach zone, regional unconformity, paleo-high and large-scale fault zone. The ultra-deep strata endow oil and gas resources as 33% of the remaining total resources, suggesting an important successive domain for hydrocarbon development in China. The large-scale pool-forming geologic units and giant hydrocarbon enrichment zones in ultra-deep strata are key and promising prospects for delivering successive discoveries. The geological conditions and enrichment zone prediction of ultra-deep oil and gas are key issues of petroleum geology.

Whole petroleum system and hydrocarbon accumulation model in shallow and medium strata in northern Songliao Basin,NE China

Based on the oil and gas exploration practice in the Songliao Basin,combined with the latest exploration and development data such as seismic,well logging and geochemistry,the basic geological conditions,oil and gas types and distribution characteristics,reservoir-forming dynamics,source-reservoir relationship and hydrocarbon accumulation model of the whole petroleum system in shallow and medium strata in the northern part of Songliao Basin are systematically studied.The shallow-medium strata in northern Songliao Basin have the conditions for the formation of whole petroleum system,with sufficient oil and gas sources,diverse reservoir types and well-developed transport system,forming a whole petroleum system centered on the source rocks of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation.Different types of oil and gas resources in the whole petroleum system are correlated with each other in terms of depositional system,lithologic association and physical property changes,and they,to a certain extent,have created the spatial framework with orderly symbiosis of shallow-medium conventional oil reservoirs,tight oil reservoirs and shale oil reservoirs in northern Songliao Basin.Vertically,the resources are endowed as conventional oil above source,shale oil/tight oil within source,and tight oil below source.Horizontally,conventional oil,tight oil,interlayer-type shale oil,and pure shale-type shale oil are developed in an orderly way,from the margin of the basin to the center of the depression.Three hydrocarbon accumulation models are recognized for the whole petroleum system in northern Songliao Basin,namely,buoyancy-driven charging of conventional oil above source,retention of shale oil within source,and pressure differential-driven charging of tight oil below source.

塔里木盆地走滑断裂构造特征、形成演化与成因机制

勘探开发实践证实,塔里木盆地克拉通内走滑断裂控制了碳酸盐岩储层的发育与油气的富集。由于克拉通内走滑断裂具有位移小、断距小且埋深大的特点,因而对其构造演化与形成机制的认识仍然存在着诸多争议。为了厘清上述争议,基于大面积高精度三维地震资料与二维地震资料,在解析该盆地中部克拉通内走滑断裂几何学、运动学特征的基础上,深入探讨了塔里木盆地克拉通内走滑断裂的形成演化过程,并探究走滑断裂的成因机制。研究结果表明:①研究区走滑断裂具有纵向分层、平面分区、沿走向分段的特点;②深层压扭走滑断裂运动方向规律简单,NE、NNE向走滑断裂为左旋,NNW向走滑断裂为右旋,浅层张扭断裂运动方向差异较大,走滑断裂的位移量为400~1500 m,属于小滑移距的克拉通内走滑断裂;③走滑断裂形成于加里东中期,加里东晚期—海西早期、海西晚期、燕山期—喜马拉雅早期部分断裂重新活化,不同时期断裂分布有差异;④加里东中期走滑断裂的形成受控于基底结构非均一性与原特提斯洋闭合消减带来的挤压作用力,张扭断裂为加里东中期走滑断裂后期活化产生的R剪切分支断裂或张性破裂断裂,其形成受控于不同时期盆地周缘洋盆消减闭合。结论认为,克拉通内走滑断裂的构造特征、形成演化、成因机制与油气息息相关,取得了油气勘探开发的巨大效益;除了塔里木盆地之外,四川盆地、鄂尔多斯盆地也具有相似的地质构造背景,通过对典型盆地的研究,必将丰富和完善中国小陆块、多旋回盆地的克拉通内走滑断裂理论,为发现更多的油气指明方向。

沉积盆地构造核心理论和关键技术方法:前沿与发展方向

系统分析前人在沉积盆地构造研究的基础上,论文总结了沉积盆地构造核心理论和关键技术方法的前沿与发展方向。沉积盆地构造核心理论包括盆地分类理论、成盆机制理论、变形定量分析理论和盆地充填过程理论。盆地分类理论是依据不同分类标准建立盆地分类方案,其发展趋势是基于资源与构造背景的原型盆地分类和基于盆地演化的叠合盆地分类;成盆机制理论是定量模拟不同作用机制下(纯热机制、构造作用、负载作用)盆地沉降过程及其控制因素,其发展趋势是三维成盆动力学模拟;变形定量分析理论包括断层相关褶皱理论、临界楔理论和盐构造理论,其发展趋势是三维构造建模与三维定量变形分析;盆地充填过程理论主要开展不同构造成因盆地的充填过程对比与盆山过程的源汇分析,其发展趋势是多元源汇分析与定量化盆地分析。沉积盆地构造关键前沿技术包括三维构造建模技术、构造物理模拟与数值模拟技术和基于三维构造恢复的裂缝预测技术。构造物理模拟技术包括了基于工业CT扫描成像物理模拟技术:可以无损动态监测构造带内部变形演化过程,精确构建变形带三维空间展布形态;基于PIV的有限应变分析的物理模拟技术:可以定量分析变形的演化过程,直观展示应变分布特征,探讨构造应变动态分布规律;基于超重力离心机的构造物理模拟技术:可以模拟不同尺度构造流变过程,探讨岩石圈浅层脆性变形与深层韧性流变之间的动力学机制。

中国“山地式”页岩气层内构造变动研究方法、理论及其勘探开发意义

中国“山地式”页岩气的勘探开发与美国、加拿大等“平原式”页岩气勘探开发在地下地质构造上存在着极大差异,主要表现为页岩层内构造变形-变位复杂、勘探“甜点”认识不清、生产开发钻井过程中水平井段目标靶体寻找困难并时常出现工程事故等问题。本文从野外调查、岩心观察、钻井测井资料分析、地震剖面处理解释等方面分析总结了页岩气层内构造变动的研究方法与理论,在初步应用过程中已取得良好成效,能够有效识别页岩气层内构造变动。

陆相油气地质理论在中国中西部盆地的重大进展

中国陆相油气地质理论在世界石油地质学界占有重要学术地位,中国油气资源以陆相为主,中国地质学家成功地勘探开发了复杂的陆相油气,并发展了陆相油气地质理论体系。通过总结20世纪40年代以来陆相油气地质理论的发展历程与理论成就,将陆相油气地质理论的发展历程划分为提出、形成、发展3个阶段,认为中国陆相油气地质理论已经形成基本完善的理论体系,该理论体系由陆相盆地构造理论、陆相盆地沉积与储集层理论、陆相生油理论、陆相油气聚集理论和陆相砂岩油气田开发地质理论等5个部分组成,地质理论具有全球普适性意义。重点总结了近30年伴随中国中西部盆地油气勘探开发的重大发现和产量增长,陆相油气地质理论取得的重大进展,包括中西部挤压背景下陆相盆地构造学、多类型湖盆沉积体系与砾岩/深层等特殊储集层地质、煤成烃等陆相生烃新领域、前陆冲断带与岩性地层油气藏等陆相油气富集规律、陆相非常规油气地质和陆相低渗透油气开发地质等。这些重大进展极大发展和丰富了陆相油气地质理论,成为其重要组成部分。

论非常规油气成藏机理:油气自封闭作用与分子间作用力

非常规油气的成功开发大幅增加了全球油气资源、推动了全球油气产量增长,同时对经典石油天然气地质学理论形成了重大突破。常规油气成藏机理是以圈闭富集保存油气及浮力成藏为核心的,非常规油气则是以连续性聚集和非浮力成藏为特征。研究揭示,非常规油气成藏机理的核心是油气自封闭作用,其动力是分子间作用力。依据分子间作用力表现和相应自封闭作用,可将非常规油气成藏机制分为3类:①以大分子黏滞力和缩合力为主的稠油和沥青;②以毛管压力和分子吸附力为主的致密油气、页岩油气和煤层气;③以分子间笼合作用为主的天然气水合物。论文详细论述了5种类型非常规油气成藏自封闭作用特征、边界条件及地质实例,和分子间作用力的基本原理与数学表征。该项研究将深化对非常规油气成藏机理的理解,提升中国对非常规油气资源的预测评价能力,并有助于提高对非常规油气开发生产机理和潜在生产能力的认识。

中国中西部褶皱冲断带构造变形机制与结构模型

基于复杂构造解析和实验模拟研究,揭示了中西部前陆褶皱冲断构造带主要表现为受侧向挤压形成的滑脱冲断构造变形过程和结构样式;明确了单层滑脱挤压冲断构造变形存在临界增生和非临界增生两种变形机制,发育脆性拆离型、塑性滑移型和黏性流动型3种作用类型,并受滑脱层强度、地层厚度、底部边界和外动力过程等4种主要因素影响。复杂冲断构造带基本上表现为受多层单滑脱作用控制形成的垂向叠置组合结构,本文提出了复杂滑脱冲断变形结构的可分解性以及受不同性质的滑脱层组合控制形成特征结构模式,并揭示了前陆冲断带前缘多滑脱构造变形结构中由浅层向深层逐渐发育的变形时序;建立了中西部再生前陆冲断带结构模型、构造单元以及基本构造类型;并基于前陆盆地多阶段构造演化过程以及晚期的隆升剥蚀—沉降沉积过程,提出了中西部两种类型冲断带的控油气作用及其勘探领域。

Meso-Cenozoic Tectonic Events Recorded by Apatite Fission Track in the Northern Longmen-Micang Mountains Region

There is a cross-cutting relationship between the E-W trending structures and the NE- trending structures in the northern Longmen-Micang Mountains region, which reflects possible regional tectonic transition and migration. Apatite fission track （AFT） analyses of 15 samples collected from this area yield apparent ages varying from 30.3±4.2 Ma to 111.7±9.0 Ma and confined-track-lengths ranging from 10.6±0.3 pm to 12.4±0.1 μm. Four specific groups were identified on the basis of the Track Age Spectrum Calculation （TASC） patterns, i.e., 143-112 Ma, 93.6-88 Ma, 42-40 Ma and -25.6 Ma. These age groups correspond to the spatial distributions of datasets and may represent four tectonic events. Together with the regional deformation patterns, the four age groups are interpreted to indicate tectonic superposition, transition and migration during the Meso-Cenozoic with the following possible order： （1） the Micang Mountains belt was dominated by the E-W trending structure during 143-112 Ma; （2） the contraction of the Longmen Mountains belt from the NW to the SE during 93.6-88 Ma led to the superposition of the NE-trending structures over the E-W trendinding structures; （3） dextral strike-slip shear dominated the Longmen Mountains belt at 42-40 Ma; （4） westward migration of the active tectonic belt occurred from 93.6-25.6 Ma in a break-back sequence in the northern Longmen Mountains belt. The Late Cenozoic tectonics in the northern Longmen Mountains belt are characterized by the dextral strike-slip shear and the occurrence of westward break-back sequence of deformations. As a result, north-south differences in deformations along the Longmen Mountains belt were intensified since the Miocene time and strains were mainly accumulated in the hinterland of the Longmen Mountains instead of being propagated to the foreland basin.

Pore Size Distribution of a Tight Sandstone Reservoir and its Effect on Micro Pore-throat Structure: A Case Study of the Chang 7 Member of the Xin’anbian Block, Ordos Basin, China

Pore distribution and micro pore-throat structure characteristics are significant for tight oil reservoir evaluation, but their relationship remains unclear. This paper selects the tight sandstone reservoir of the Chang 7 member of the Xin’anbian Block in the Ordos Basin as the research object and analyzes the pore size distribution and micro pore-throat structure using field emission scanning electron microscopy(FE-SEM), high-pressure mercury injection(HPMI), highpressure mercury injection, and nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR) analyses. The study finds that:(1) Based on the pore size distribution, the tight sandstone reservoir is characterized by three main patterns with different peak amplitudes. The former peak corresponds to the nanopore scale, and the latter peak corresponds to the micropore scale. Then, the tight sandstone reservoir is categorized into three types: type 1 reservoir contains more nanopores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 82:18;type 2 reservoir has a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 47:53;and type 3 reservoir contains more micropores with a nanopore-to-micropore volume ratio of 35:65.(2) Affected by the pore size distribution, the throat radius distributions of different reservoir types are notably offset. The type 1 reservoir throat radius distribution curve is weakly unimodal, with a relatively dispersed distribution and peak ranging from 0.01 μm to 0.025 μm. The type 2 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a wide distribution range and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. The type 3 reservoir’s throat radius distribution curve is single-peaked with a relatively narrow distribution and peak from 0.1 μm to 0.25 μm. With increasing micropore volume, pore-throat structure characteristics gradually improve.(3) The correlation between micropore permeability and porosity exceeds that of nanopores, indicating that the development of micropores notably influences the seepage capacity. In the type 1 reservoir, only the mean radius and effective porosity have suitable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities. The pore-throat structure parameters of the type 2 and 3 reservoirs have reasonable correlations with the nanopore and micropore porosities, indicating that the development of these types of reservoirs is affected by the pore size distribution. This study is of great significance for evaluating lacustrine tight sandstone reservoirs in China. The research results can provide guidance for evaluating tight sandstone reservoirs in other regions based on pore size distribution.