不同钾肥水平对‘骏枣’叶片光合特性及果实品质的影响

钾是重要的品质元素,为了筛选枣果实品质最适宜的钾肥浓度,以5年生‘骏枣’为研究材料,在开花期和果实膨大期沟施不同量的钾肥,研究其对叶片光合参数、荧光参数及果实品质的影响。结果表明,钾肥对‘骏枣’生长、果实品质的影响存在明显的浓度效应。在0~153 g/株的施钾范围内,叶绿素含量、净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)、光化学量子效率(Fv/Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、电子传递速率(ETR)、淀粉含量、Vc含量、葡萄糖含量、可溶性糖含量、可溶性蛋白质含量、糖酸比、纵横径及单果重均随施钾量的增加而升高,且在沟施K2O 153 g/株达峰值;当施K2O量为153~306 g/株时,上述参数均呈下降趋势。胞间CO2浓度(Ci)和非化学猝灭系数(qN)随施钾量的增加呈先降低后升高的趋势,施K2O 153 g/株时为最低值;光化学效率(ΦPSⅡ)在施K2O 229.5 g/株时最高。主成分分析结果表明,5种施钾水平中以沟施K2O 153 g/株对改善‘骏枣’果实品质和提高‘骏枣’叶片的光合效果最佳。综上,钾肥通过明显增加‘骏枣’叶片叶绿素含量,改善光合器官功能而提高果实品质,且沟施K2O 153 g/株效果最好。

不同耕作方式对枣园土壤温度、养分和果实品质的影响

为了探明甘肃中部沿黄灌区枣园不同耕作方式对土壤温度、养分状况和果实品质的影响,连续2年设置清耕(CK)、覆盖玉米秸秆(YMG)、覆黑膜(HM)和种植黑麦草(HMC)等耕作方式,测定不同土层(0、20、40、60 cm)土壤温度、养分以及果实品质等指标;并采用主成分分析综合评价,筛选最佳土壤管理模式。结果表明: 8月份HMC对不同土层土壤温度均具有明显的降温作用,在20 cm土层,分别较CK、HM、YMG降低了5.93%、5.93%、 2.86%。与对照相比,YMG、HM和HMC均能显著提高各土层的土壤速效K、N、P以及硝态氮和有机质含量,其中HMC效果最显著,在20 cm土层处,与CK相比分别提高了12.35%、10.11%、15.48%、23.11%、19.00%。随着土层深度的增加,速效养分含量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,地表0~20 cm处的含量最高,在20 cm土层处,HMC土壤速效K、N、P含量分别为122.24 mg·kg ^-1 、32.67 g·kg ^-1 、0.76 mg·kg ^-1 。与对照相比,YMG、HM和HMC均能不同程度地提高枣果品质,其中HMC对Vc含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、枣果横径、枣果纵径、单果重、含水量、可食率的影响显著大于YMG和HM,HMC的Vc含量、蛋白质含量、可溶性糖含量、枣果横径、含水量较YMG分别增加了 10.18%、25.23%、9.06%、6.04%、3.73%,较HM分别增加了1.28%、23.01%、1.07%、2.50%、1.71%。主成分分析将16个指标综合分析,提取3个主成分因子6.614、5.485、3.901,代表4种不同耕作方式100%的原始数据信息量。综上所述,不同土壤耕作方式的效果由高到低依次为HMC、HM、YMG和CK,种植黑麦草(HMC)是甘肃中部沿黄灌区枣园土壤管理的推荐模式。

Tolerance to Iron-Deficiency Stress of Three Apple Rootstock Species in Hydroponic System

[Objective] Iron deficiency is one of the most important crop element deficiencies in the Loess Plateau of northwestern China. The selection for crop cultivars that are tolerant to low iron levels could be one of the approaches to solving the problem and improving crop production. [Method] Three major apple root stock species （Malus prunifolia, Malus sieversii and Malus baccata） were selected to evaluate their tolerance to iron defciency in hydroponic system. A 3×2 factorial pot experiment was conducted with three replicates in a greenhouse at Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, China. [Result] The SOD, POD and CAT activities in roots and stems of the 3 root stock species in Fe-defcient Hoagland solution decreased, however Malus sieversii got the less reduction and had better root architecture and growth than the other species. The aboveground biomass, plant height, chlorophyll content, total root length and lateral root number were correlated positively with iron-defciency stress tolerance. The species’ tolerance to iron-defciency from high to low was M. sieversii’s〉M. baccata’s〉M. prunifolia’s. Moreover, the improvement of some morphological features such as root length, above-ground biomass, plant height and lateral root number in apple could be conducive to breeding cultivars with tolerance to iron-defciency stress. [Conclusion] Malus sieversii had better tolerance to iron-defciency stress than the others in this study.

Effects of Abscisic Acid on Drought Resistance in Apple Rootstock Malus baccata Seedlings

[Objective] Abscisic acid （ABA）, a plant endogenous hormone, plays an important role in plant responses to adverse environments. This study was to explore the effects of exogenous ABA on the drought resistmlce of apple rootstocks under simulated drought condition induced by polyethylene glycol （PEG）. [Method] Apple （Malus baccata） seedlings were employed as test material. There were five treatments （T1-5） designed as ABA application rates at 0 （T1）, 25 （T2）, 50 （T3）, 75 （T4） and 100 （T5） μmol/L in the hydroponic experiments. The changes of the relative leaf water content （RLWC）, root activity, malondialdehyde （MDA） content, proline （Pro） content, superoxide dismutase （SOD） activity and peroxidase （POD） activity were assayed under PEG stress. All indices were analyzed by principal component analysis （PCA） to evaluate the optimal ABA concentration alleviating drought stress. [Result] The different concentration of ABA could increase Pro content and antioxidant enzyme activities, relieve the descent of RLWC and decrease MDA content. Low levels of ABA increased root activity, whereas the high concentrations （T3-T5） inhibited it. Statistical analysis based on the PCA indicated that the cumulative contribution rate of the first two principal components was raised to 96.457%, and the PCA in the T2 scored the highest. [Conclusion] The exogenous ABA could decrease the damage caused by drought stress to Malus baccata seedlings and enhance the ability of drought tolerance by increasing osmolyte content, anti- oxidative enzyme activity and reducing the level of membrane lipid peroxidation. The optimal concentration of ABA was 25 μmol/L.

三种苹果砧木应对干旱胁迫的超微及解剖结构响应特性

采用盆栽控水法模拟干旱胁迫,以垂丝海棠(Malus halliana)、新疆野苹果(M.sieversii)、山定子(M.baccata)3种苹果砧木为试验材料,测定了叶片相对含水量(RWC)、水分利用效率(WUE)、光合参数,观察了叶绿体超微结构及根、茎、叶解剖结构,并采用相关性及主成分分析对砧木抗旱能力进行了综合评价。结果表明,与对照相比,干旱胁迫下,3种苹果砧木的RWC、净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)均下降,而WUE增加;3种砧木的叶绿体超微结构及解剖结构均受到不同程度的干旱伤害,但垂丝海棠的损伤最小,较好地保持细胞结构的完整性;植株的抗旱性与G_s、T_r、栅栏组织厚度、叶片厚度、下表皮厚度、根直径、韧皮部厚度均呈显著正相关,与C_i呈显著负相关;主成分分析提取的2个主成分反映了原变量100%的信息。综合评价3种苹果砧木的抗旱能力依次为:垂丝海棠>新疆野苹果>山定子;同时,RWC、G_s、T_r、栅栏组织厚度、叶片厚度、下表皮厚度、根直径、韧皮部厚度、C_i可作为评价抗旱性的有效指标。