Genetics of biochemical attributes regulating morpho-physiology of upland cotton under high temperature conditions

Background Cotton is a strategically important fibre crop for global textile industry.It profoundly impacts several countries’industrial and agricultural sectors.Sustainable cotton production is continuously threatened by the unpre-dictable changes in climate,specifically high temperatures.Breeding heat-tolerant,high-yielding cotton cultivars with wide adaptability to be grown in the regions with rising temperatures is one of the primary objectives of modern cotton breeding programmes.Therefore,the main objective of the current study is to figure out the effective breed-ing approach to imparting heat tolerance as well as the judicious utilization of commercially significant and stress-tolerant attributes in cotton breeding.Initially,the two most notable heat-susceptible(FH-115 and NIAB Kiran)and tolerant(IUB-13 and GH-Mubarak)cotton cultivars were spotted to develop filial and backcross populations to accom-plish the preceding study objectives.The heat tolerant cultivars were screened on the basis of various morphological(seed cotton yield per plant,ginning turnout percentage),physiological(pollen viability,cell membrane thermostabil-ity)and biochemical(peroxidase activity,proline content,hydrogen peroxide content)parameters.Results The results clearly exhibited that heat stress consequently had a detrimental impact on every studied plant trait,as revealed by the ability of crossing and their backcross populations to tolerate high temperatures.However,when considering overall yield,biochemical,and physiological traits,the IUB-13×FH-115 cross went over particularly well at both normal and high temperature conditions.Moreover,overall seed cotton yield per plant exhibited a posi-tive correlation with both pollen viability and antioxidant levels(POD activity and proline content).Conclusions Selection from segregation population and criteria involving pollen viability and antioxidant levels concluded to be an effective strategy for the screening of heat-tolerant cotton germplasms.Therefore,understanding acquired from this study can assist breeders identifying traits that should be prioritized in order to develop climate resilient cotton cultivars.

不同木屑对四川烟熏腊肉中挥发性物质的影响

为探究不同木屑(柏叶屑、柏木屑、松木屑、苹果木屑和混合木屑(柏叶屑和苹果木屑质量比1∶1))对四川烟熏腊肉风味的影响,采用闷燃发烟工艺制备腊肉,在生物质组分检测和感官评价的基础上,采用电子鼻和气相色谱-质谱(gas chromatography-mass spectrometry,GC-MS)技术结合主成分分析和相关性分析法对不同木屑熏制腊肉风味特征进行分析。结果表明:与其他干材相比,柏叶屑中蛋白质、油脂和木质素含量较高,熏制腊肉风味较好,烟熏风味强度较高,但腊肉色泽不具备明显优势;利用GC-MS在6组腊肉中共检出187种挥发性化合物,柏叶屑和混合木屑熏制腊肉中的萘及其衍生物、含氮化合物相对含量高于其他干材熏制腊肉,酚类化合物相对含量低于其他干材熏制腊肉;主成分分析结果表明,萘及其衍生物、含氮化合物的相对含量差异是区分柏叶屑熏制腊肉与干材熏制腊肉的主要依据;相关性分析结果显示,半纤维素对挥发性物质中酚类相对含量的作用大于木质素,萘及其衍生物相对含量与油脂、蛋白质、木质素含量均呈正相关,但相关性均不显著(P>0.05),因此木屑种类对腊肉中萘及其衍生物产生的影响可能大于木屑生物质组成对其的影响。本研究结果为四川再造林木在烟熏食品加工中的应用提供了参考依据。

棉花品种MH410433的选育及配套栽培技术

MH410433于2021年通过河北省农作物品种审定委员会审定。在河北省冀中南植棉区,其生育期122 d,植株塔形,叶片中等偏大,铃卵圆形,吐絮肥畅,纤维品质达到河北省审定Ⅲ型棉花品种标准,早熟不早衰,抗枯萎病,耐黄萎病。主要介绍了MH410433的选育过程、生物学特性、产量表现、纤维品质及栽培技术要点。

OTFS技术研究现状与展望

正交时频空(orthogonal time frequency space,OTFS)技术是近年来出现的一种新型多载波调制技术。在OTFS技术中,数据信号在时延—多普勒域产生,经过逆偶有限傅里叶变换实现信号的时频二维扩展,以解决正交频分复用(orthogonal frequency division multiplexing,OFDM)技术在时频双选信道下干扰严重的问题。介绍了OTFS技术的基本原理,通过仿真验证其相比于OFDM技术的优势。对其研究现状进行分析总结,指出OTFS技术中的多址接入、信道估计和线性接收机等研究方向目前有待解决的问题。对OTFS技术在雷达—通信一体化系统中的应用前景进行分析和展望。

陆地棉种质资源表型性状综合评价

【目的】鉴定分析陆地棉种质的纤维品质、产量和早熟等性状,筛选综合评价指标,建立可靠的综合评价模型,为陆地棉品种选育提供理论支撑。【方法】以来源广泛的630份陆地棉种质为材料,在中国3个主要植棉区的8个环境下,对17个表型性状进行鉴定,使用R包“lme4”对表型性状数据进行最佳线性无偏估计(best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP),并用于后续分析。综合运用相关分析、主成分分析、隶属函数法、聚类分析和逐步回归等方法对陆地棉种质进行综合评价。【结果】陆地棉种质群体具有较高的遗传多样性,不同性状的多样性指数为1.961-2.084,并且存在明显的区域特异性。该群体的铃数、伸长率、纺纱均匀性指数和短绒率具有较大变异,纤维长度、纤维强度和生育期性状的变异较小。相关分析表明,多数性状间存在显著或极显著相关性,部分纤维品质性状之间存在极强相关性。通过主成分分析,将17个性状转换为6个独立的综合指标,其贡献率为5.860%-31.044%,累积贡献率达到82.642%。主成分分析可以很好地将该陆地棉群体的纤维品质性状、产量性状和农艺性状进行分类。利用隶属函数法计算表型综合值(F值),17个性状的表型值与F值均显著相关。发现F值高的材料(均值为0.668)的产量性状(铃数、单铃重、衣分和子指)和纤维品质性状(纤维长度、纤维整齐度、纤维强度、纺纱均匀性指数、短绒率和马克隆值)显著优于F值低的材料(均值为0.396),并且具有植株较高和生育期较长的特点。通过逐步回归建立了8个性状(铃数、吐絮期、单铃重、开花期、衣分、株高、果枝始节和纺纱均匀性指数)作为自变量的回归方程。基于F值进行系统聚类,将630份陆地棉种质划分为4类,第Ⅰ类为纤维品质优质型,包含118份材料;第Ⅱ类丰产型包含250份材料;第Ⅲ类为早熟型,包含51份材料;第Ⅳ类材料的表型介于第Ⅱ类和第Ⅲ类之间。最终筛选出23份纤维品质优良材料和135份高产材料,可提供育种和生产应用。【结论】陆地棉表型性状存在地理来源特异性;采用多元统计分析方法综合评价陆地棉种质是可行的;630份陆地棉种质可被分划为4种类型(优质型、丰产型、早熟型和其他型)。

陆地棉亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性研究

【目的】通过1 500个陆地棉杂交组合分析杂种优势与其亲本间数量性状遗传距离的相关性,探讨能否利用大规模杂交组合亲本间遗传距离提高陆地棉杂种优势预测效果,以期为棉花杂交育种和杂种优势利用提供理论指导。【方法】选择来自15个国家和中国23个省(市)的305份陆地棉核心种质为亲本,采用L×T(Line×Tester)杂交设计配制1 500个杂交组合。2012—2013年,在中国南北方13个生态环境下考察其株高、单铃重、衣分、纤维长度等10个产量和纤维品质相关性状,分析F1杂种优势、亲本间遗传距离和群体结构,并采用4种方式(Cor1—Cor4)计算遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性。【结果】10个性状中亲优势(MPH)均值的变幅为1.70%—7.40%,平均为4.36%,按父本不同将F1分成5组(A—E),其MPH均值A>E>B>C>D;超亲优势(HB)均值的变幅为-4.17%—1.87%,平均为-0.17%,A、B和E组的HB均值皆为正。10个性状在5组中除D、E组的马克隆值之外,其他性状普遍具有明显的中亲优势,其中,单铃重和纤维长度的中亲优势在5组中均以正优势为主(达80%以上),最大值分别为34.01%和9.83%,对应的超亲优势分别为24.25%和5.80%。F1和亲本差异显著性分析表明单铃重、株高、纤维长度、伸长率和整齐度指数整体表现出一定的超亲优势。父本(测试种)与300个母本之间的遗传距离介于2.280—61.430,平均为21.550,5个测试种与母本间的平均遗传距离D>C>E>A>B,其中,最近值为11.721,最远值为33.271。按最小方差聚类,将305个陆地棉亲本划分为2个主群,包括5个亚群。4种遗传距离与杂种优势的相关性分析结果显示,因样本量、遗传距离变幅和父本不同其结果有所差异,相关性随样本量的增大而有所增强。其中,Cor1是Cor2结果的整体体现;Cor3与Cor1和Cor2相比,部分性状的中亲优势与遗传距离的相关性有所不同;Cor4的相关性最弱。综合来看,遗传距离与衣分、断裂比强度、整齐度指数和纺纱均匀性指数的中亲优势呈显著正相关,遗传距离与其他性状的中亲优势的相关性因采用的分析方案不同,结果有所不同;在4种方案中,除整齐度指数外,遗传距离与超亲优势的相关性整体表现负相关。其中,遗传距离与马克隆值、纤维长度和衣分的超亲优势相关性较强。【结论】陆地棉亲本间数量性状遗传距离与杂种优势有一定的线性关系,不同性状的杂种优势与遗传距离的相关性存在正负和强弱差异,且样本量越大相关性越强。说明基于大规模杂交组合研究陆地棉亲本间遗传距离与杂种优势的关系效果显著。

基于重测序开发的InDel标记定位陆地棉矮化突变体

【目的】利用重测序开发的InDel标记实现陆地棉矮化突变体基因AS98的定位。【方法】利用1个极端矮化材料AS98与其野生型LHF10构建F2群体,根据突变体及其野生型的重测序数据开发InDel标记,并利用新开发的分子标记对矮化性状进行定位。【结果】挑选新开发的位于初步定位区间内的InDel标记114对,用2个材料进行标记多态性检测,筛选出具有多态性的标记20对;利用多态性标记在包含223个单株的F2群体中进行聚合酶链式反应,结合表型把矮化基因AS98定位于染色体D12上,与其最近的分子标记是InDel-50,遗传距离为6.9 cM。【结论】本试验证实了利用重测序数据开发InDel标记,并在陆地棉矮化材料衍生的分离群体中进行基因定位的可行性,为进一步精细定位及分子辅助选择育种提供参考。

基于主成分分析和隶属函数的棉花种子萌发期耐涝性鉴定评价

参照棉花耐渍涝性鉴定技术标准,在棉花种子萌发期模拟淹水胁迫,采用主成分分析、隶属函数法及聚类分析方法,分析了涝渍胁迫处理对6份陆地棉材料出苗率、株高、主根长、子叶叶绿素含量(SPAD值)、幼苗鲜物质质量、幼苗干物质质量的影响。结果表明:幼苗鲜物质质量、株高、主根长、出苗率、幼苗干物质质量和SPAD值可以作为棉花萌发期耐涝性鉴定的指标;6份参试材料的耐涝性强弱顺序依次为402、晋棉36、冀丰908、宛棉3号、苏棉9号、TM-1,其中402和晋棉36为耐涝性较强的材料。相关研究方法可为批量鉴定和评价棉花种质资源的耐涝性提供依据。

QTL mapping of agronomic and economic traits for four F_(2)populations of upland cotton

Background:Upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum)accounts for more than 90%of the annual world cotton output because of its high yield potential.However,yield and fiber quality traits often show negative correlations.We constructed four F_(2)populations of upland cotton,using two normal lines(4133B and SGK9708)with high yield potential but moderate fiber quality and two introgression lines(Suyuan04–3 and J02–247)with superior fiber quality,and used them to investigate the genetic basis underlying complex traits such as yield and fiber quality in upland cotton.We also phenotyped eight agronomic and economic traits and mapped quantitative trait loci(QTLs).Results:Extensive phenotype variations and transgressive segregation were found across the segregation populations.We constructed four genetic maps of 585.97 centiMorgan(cM),752.45 cM,752.45 cM,and 1163.66 cM,one for each of the four F_(2)populations.Fifty QTLs were identified across the four populations(7 for plant height,27 for fiber quality and 16 for yield).The same QTLs were identified in different populations,including qBW4 and qBW2,which were linked to a common simple sequence repeat(SSR)marker,NAU1255.A QTL cluster containing eight QTLs for six different traits was characterized on linkage group 9 of the 4133B×Suyuan04–3 population.Conclusions:These findings will provide insights into the genetic basis of simultaneous improvement of yield and fiber quality in upland cotton breeding.

Genetic diversity and population structure of Gossypium arboreum L. collected in China

Background: Gossypium arboreum is a diploid species cultivated in the Old World. It possesses favorable characters that are valuable for developing superior cotton cultivars.Method: A set of 197 Gossypium arboreum accessions were genotyped using 80 genome-wide SSR markers to establish patterns of the genetic diversity and population structure. These accessions were collected from three major G. arboreum growing areas in China. A total of 255 alleles across 80 markers were identified in the genetic diversity analysis.Results: Three subgroups were found using the population structure analysis, corresponding to the Yangtze River Valley, North China, and Southwest China zones of G.arboreum growing areas in China. Average genetic distance and Polymorphic information content value of G. arboreum population were 0.34 and 0.47, respectively, indicating high genetic diversity in the G. arboreum germplasm pool. The Phylogenetic analysis results concurred with the subgroups identified by Structure analysis with a few exceptions. Variations among and within three groups were observed to be 13.61% and 86.39%, respectively.Conclusion: The information regarding genetic diversity and population structure from this study is useful for genetic and genomic analysis and systematic utilization of economically important traits in G. arboreum.

Correlation analysis of stem hardness traits with fiber and yield-related traits in core collections of Gossypium hirsutum

Background:Stem hardness is one of the major influencing factors for plant architecture in upland cotton(Gossypium hirsutum L.).Evaluating hardness phenotypic traits is very important for the selection of elite lines for resistance to lodging in Gossypium hirsutum L.Cotton breeders are interested in using diverse genotypes to enhance fiber quality and high-yield.Few pieces of research for hardness and its relationship with fiber quality and yield were found.This study was designed to find the relationship of stem hardness traits with fiber quality and yield contributing traits of upland cotton.Results:Experiments were carried out to measure the bending,acupuncture,and compression properties of the stem from a collection of upland cotton genotypes,comprising 237 accessions.The results showed that the genotypic difference in stem hardness was highly significant among the genotypes,and the stem hardness traits(BL,BU,AL,AU,CL,and CU)have a positive association with fiber quality traits and yield-related traits.Statistical analyses of the results showed that in descriptive statistics result bending(BL,BU)has a maximum coefficient of variance,but fiber length and fiber strength have less coefficient of variance among the genotypes.Principal component analysis(PCA)trimmed quantitative characters into nine principal components.The first nine principal components(PC)with Eigenvalues>1 explained 86%of the variation among 237 accessions of cotton.Both 2017 and 2018,PCA results indicated that BL,BU,FL,FE,and LI contributed to their variability in PC1,and BU,AU,CU,FD,LP,and FWPB have shown their variability in PC2.Conclusion:We describe here the systematic study of the mechanism involved in the regulation of enhancing fiber quality and yield by stem bending strength,acupuncture,and compression properties of G.hirsutum.

胡尖山油田长9段储层孔隙结构表征及影响因素分析

通过岩心观察、普通薄片、铸体薄片、扫描电镜以及压汞测试等分析手段,对胡尖山油田长9段储层岩石学、物性和孔隙结构表征及控制因素等方面进行研究。研究表明,长9段储层岩性以岩屑长石砂岩和长石岩屑砂岩为主,储集空间以剩余粒间孔为主,喉道较细,物性较差,属于低孔低渗储层。利用分形维数结合压汞参数对储层孔隙结构进行表征,基于此将目的储层划分为4类,建立不同类型储层测井响应,明确不同类型储层的平面分布。认为沉积和成岩作用控制孔隙结构的形成,其中沉积作用是影响储层孔隙结构的先决条件,而成岩作用是决定储层孔隙结构特征的关键因素。压实和胶结作用对孔隙结构起破坏作用,溶蚀作用则改善储层孔隙结构。以上研究成果对研究区长9段储层的分类评价及下一步的油气勘探具有指导意义。

Validating field regeneration capacity for selected accessions of Gossypium hirsutum using callus induction and regeneration capacity

Background Gossypium hirsutum undergoes rapid clonal propagation to regenerate a mature plant through tissue culture.However,the correlation between cotton leaf regeneration,callus induction,and regeneration ability was still obscure.In this research,cotton leaf regeneration level for 21 accessions in the field(new leaves)was observed after the first harvest,and a comparison between field regeneration level and callus induction with its regeneration capacity(new shoots and roots)for the same 21 accessions was carried out.Agronomic traits,including plant height,leaf area,fresh leaf weight,dry leaf weight,the number of flowers and bolls,and biochemical(proline content)and physiological(chlorophyll and carotenoid content)traits during the flowering stage of 21 upland cotton accessions,were investigated.Result A significant correlation between physiological parameters and callus induction was discovered.Callus induction and regeneration capacity of roots and shoots for hypocotyl,cotyledons,and shoot tip tissues were used to validate field leaf regeneration level after the first harvest.CCRI 24 showed significant leaf regeneration in the field and callus induction capacity through callus induction and regeneration.Conclusion We found a substantial relationship between field regeneration capability and callus induction with its regeneration capacity for the hypocotyl,cotyledons,and shoot tip.The results showed that ZS061,Lumian 378,Jimian 863,and ZS065 have the highest moisture retention capacity,while CCRI 24,Liaoyang Duomaomian,and Beizhe Gongshemian have the lowest moisture retention capacity.CCRI 24 has the highest leaf regeneration capacity in the field,while Beizhe Gongshemian has the lowest leaf regeneration capacity.All our result provides a clue for checking the regeneration capacity through leaf regeneration level in the field.

A genome-wide association study of lateral root number for Asian cotton(Gossypium arboreum L.)

Background:The lateral root is one of the most important organs that constitute the root architecture system in plants.It can directly affect the contact area between plants and soil and plays an important role in plant structural support and nutrient absorption.Optimizing root architecture systems can greatly increase crop yields.This study was designed to identify the molecular markers and candidate genes associated with lateral root development in cotton and to evaluate correlations with yield and disease traits.Result:The number of lateral roots for 14-day old seedlings was recorded for 215 Gossypium arboreum accessions.A correlation analysis showed that the number of lateral roots positively correlates with the sympodial branch node and seed index traits,but negatively correlates with lint percentage.A Genome-wide association study(GWAS)identified 18 significant SNPs with 19 candidate genes associated with the lateral root number.Expression analysis identified three genes(FLA 12,WRKY29,and RBOHA)associated with lateral root development.Conclusion:GWAS an alysis identified key SNPs and candidate gen esfor lateral root number,a nd gen es of FLA 12,WRKY29,and RBOHA may play a pivotal role in lateral root development in Asian cotton.

农杆菌介导的棕色棉胚珠离体培养遗传转化体系的建立

本研究以棕色棉品种‘棕1-61’为受体材料,以茁-葡萄糖苷酸酶基因(GUS)为报告基因,探索农杆菌介导离体培养胚珠的遗传转化条件。结果表明最适合的遗传转化条件是:1 DPA胚珠预培养4 d后,用针头进行扎孔处理形成伤口,在OD600为0.6~0.8的农杆菌菌液中侵染3 min,22℃黑暗条件下共培养20 h后转移至含500 mg/L卡那霉素的BT培养基上进行暗培养。GUS染色结果发现,暗培养20 d的胚珠和30 d的纤维上均有染色,证明GUS报告基因转化成功。进一步将目的基因Gh UFGT构建RNAi载体并进行转基因,荧光定量PCR检测发现转基因阳性胚珠中Gh UFGT基因的表达量与对照相比显著下降。该实验为研究纤维发育和色泽相关基因的功能提供了一种快速高效的遗传转化方法。

陆地棉亲本间遗传距离与配合力的相关性研究

选取305份陆地棉核心种质,采用L×T(Line×Tester)遗传交配设计配制了1500个杂交组合,依据测试种的差异,将所有杂交组合分成A,B,C,D,E 5个组合类群.采用2种方案分别对陆地棉亲本间遗传距离与10个产量纤维品质性状的配合力之间的相关性进行了分析,以期找到强优势组合的选配规律及亲本的利用价值.结果发现,遗传距离与衣分的一般配合力之间存在显著或者极显著负相关;遗传距离与纤维长度、断裂比强度、整齐度指数、伸长率、纺纱均匀性指数的一般配合力之间存在显著或极显著的正相关或者负相关;遗传距离与马克隆值的一般配合力在A~D组大部分的亚群中存在显著或极显著负相关,而在E组中存在显著正相关.遗传距离与特殊配合力在D组中与大部分性状呈显著或者极显著正相关,E组中与多数性状呈负相关或显著负相关.亲本间数量性状遗传距离与大部分性状的一般配合力和特殊配合力呈显著或极显著的线性关系.由于两种方案在样本量、遗传距离变幅和父本等方面存在差异,所以结果略有所不同,即E组和亚群Ⅴ较为特殊,相关性结果有别于其他组,但大体趋势一致.这些显著或极显著相关的性状在育种实践中可能具有较高的改良潜力.

超声波协同半胱氨酸促进木瓜蛋白酶对冷鲜牛肉嫩化作用的研究

为解决木瓜蛋白酶在低温条件下对冷鲜肉嫩化效果差的问题,研究利用超声波在水溶液中的空化作用,并结合游离半胱氨酸对木瓜蛋白酶的激活和保护作用,进行组合嫩化实验。在4℃下,测定组合嫩化肉块与传统单一嫩化解冻肉中木瓜蛋白酶活力、肌原纤维小片化指数、蛋白质凝胶电泳图谱、肌动蛋白相对含量指标。结果显示:与传统单一的嫩化方式相比,在超声浴中添加游离半胱氨酸,随着超声处理时间延长,木瓜蛋白酶活力呈先上升后下降趋势,但下降速度有所降低;肌原纤维小片化指数显著增大;肉块表层与深层肌原纤维蛋白均发生不同程度的水解,肌动蛋白相对含量大幅降低,从而显著改善了冷鲜肉的嫩度。该结果为超声波协同半胱氨酸促进木瓜蛋白酶对肉块品质的影响研究提供了理论基础。

避免“煮熟的鸭子飞走”:CEO家族属性、伪禀赋效应与并购溢价

"煮熟的鸭子飞走了"通常被用来形容并购失败事件,那么企业是否会为了避免"煮熟的鸭子飞走"而进行溢价支付?本文利用CEO家族属性作为伪禀赋效应个体异质性的代理变量,基于2003—2018年中国上市企业1321个溢价并购事件,采用两阶段最小二乘法(IV-2SLS)进行回归估计,研究发现:与职业经理人担任CEO的企业相比,家族成员担任CEO的企业支付的并购溢价更高,即CEO伪禀赋效应在并购中发挥了重要作用;竞争者越多、并购相对重要性越高,或者并购持续时间越长,都会进一步提高家族CEO支付的并购溢价水平。本研究从个体行为理论视角出发,为并购溢价的成因提供了一个新的理论解释,丰富并深化了并购定价决策的有关研究,同时拓展了家族企业的研究边界。