Effects of Dietary Changes on the Gut Microbiota of Cynops orientalis

The gut microbiota plays a pivotal role in the maintenance of health for amphibians,and it has been fully recognized,but the effectiveness of various influencing factors has not yet been fully clarified.Although this association should be considered while the amphibian order Caudata is facing a severe situation of population decline and extinction,there is little understanding of the association between diets and the diversity of gut microbiota in the amphibian order Caudata.Here,we conducted an extensive analysis of the gut microbiota of Cynops orientalis fed different diets using functional prediction and 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing techniques.First,we found that wild individuals had greater gut microbial diversity and richness in comparison to captive individuals.Second,we identified the bacterial taxa associated with diets and observed differences in the relative abundance of gut microbiota among people on various diets.Finally,we have a predictive comprehension of the selection and adaptative significance of shared core ASVs in the gut microbiota in maintaining the healthy survival of C.orientalis in a large-scale spatiotemporal map.Our study emphasizes how diets alter the gut microbiota of Caudata and offers fresh perspectives on the conservation and captive management of species in Caudata.

Effects of Different Light Qualities on the Growth Characteristics of Populus trinervis

Populus trinervis is native to China and plays an irreplaceable role in maintaining the ecological balance of boreal and temperate forests.P.trinervis mainly grows in high-altitude areas.At present,there are limited studies on the response of P.trinervis to different light qualities,so it is necessary to investigate the photosynthetic physiological changes of P.trinervis in different light environments.In our study,P.trinervis was grown for 8 months under light filtered by three different colored films.The three treatments were blue film,green film,and white plastic film.The effects of blue(B),green(G),and white(W)light on photosynthetic pigment content,absolute growth,photosynthetic parameters,soluble sugar content,and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were studied,respectively.Compared to the Wtreatment,the chlorophyll a and b,carotenoids,total chlorophyll content(a+b),absolute growth of seedling height,net photosynthetic rate(PN),water use efficiency(WUE),total soluble sugars,sucrose,and nonphotochemical quenching(NPQ)of P.trinervis were significantly increased under B treatment.Meanwhile,chlorophyll a and b,carotenoids,total chlorophyll(a+b),transpiration rate(Tr),intercellular CO_(2) concentration(Ci),stomatal conductance(gs),absolute growth of seedling height and leaf length,reducing sugar,total soluble sugar content,and NPQ were significantly increased under G treatment.The results showed that the absolute growth and chlorophyll content of P.trinervis were increased under B light,while the sugar and photosynthetic parameters were increased under G light.Additional studies may look into how B light impacts absolute growth and promotional mechanisms,as well as how G light affects the accumulation of sugar levels.

Constrained re-calibration of two-equation Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes models

Machine-learned augmentations to turbulence models can be advantageous for flows within the training dataset but can often cause harm outside.This lack of generalizability arises because the constants(as well as the functions)in a Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes(RANS)model are coupled,and un-constrained re-calibration of these constants(and functions)can disrupt the calibrations of the baseline model,the preservation of which is critical to the model's generalizability.To safeguard the behaviors of the baseline model beyond the training dataset,machine learning must be constrained such that basic calibrations like the law of the wall are kept intact.This letter aims to identify such constraints in two-equation RANS models so that future machine learning work can be performed without violating these constraints.We demonstrate that the identified constraints are not limiting.Furthermore,they help preserve the generalizability of the baseline model.

Flavonol synthase gene MsFLS13 regulates saline-alkali stress tolerance in alfalfa

Alfalfa(Medicago sativa L.) is one of the most extensively grown leguminous forage worldwide.Environmental saline-alkali stress significantly influences the growth,development,and yield of alfalfa,posing a threat to its agricultural production.However,little is known about the potential mechanisms by which alfalfa responds to saline-alkali stress.Here,we investigated these mechanisms by cloning a saline-alkali-induced flavonol synthase gene(Ms FLS13) from alfalfa,which was previously reported to be significantly upregulated under saline-alkali stress,and examining its function in the saline-alkali response.Overexpression of Ms FLS13 in alfalfa promoted plant tolerance to saline-alkali stress by enhancing flavonol accumulation,antioxidant capacity,osmotic balance,and photosynthetic efficiency.Conversely,Ms FLS13 inhibition using RNA interference reduced flavonol synthase activity and inhibited hairy root growth under saline-alkali stress.Yeast one-hybrid and dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated that the R2R3-MYB Ms MYB12 transcription factor activates Ms FLS13 expression by binding to the MBS motif in the Ms FLS13 promoter.Further analysis revealed that abscisic acid mediates the salinealkali stress response partially by inducing Ms MYB12 and Ms FLS13 expression,which consequently increases flavonol levels and maintains antioxidant homeostasis in alfalfa.Collectively,our findings highlight the crucial role of Ms FLS13 in alfalfa in response to saline-alkali stress and provide a novel genetic resource for creating saline-alkali-resistant alfalfa through genetic engineering.

Demonstration of multi-pass amplification of 46.9 nm laser pumped by capillary discharge

Using a plane–plane resonator composed of silicon carbide mirrors,we achieve for the first time multi-pass amplification of a 46.9 nm laser pumped by capillary discharge.In terms of the temporal characteristics,for an initial argon pressure of 17 Pa,triple-pass amplification of the laser is obtained at a delay time between the pre-pulse and the main pulse currents of 40s,and quadruple-pass amplification is obtained at a delay time of 50s.The experimental results show that the gain duration of the plasma column is more than 6 ns.In terms of spatial characteristics,the spot of the output laser has a reduced full width at half maximum divergence compared with that from a laser without a resonator.

A petunia transcription factor, PhOBF1, regulates flower senescence by modulating gibberellin biosynthesis

Flower senescence is commonly enhanced by the endogenous hormone ethylene and suppressed by the gibberellins(GAs)in plants.However,the detailed mechanisms for the antagonism of these hormones during f lower senescence remain elusive.In this study,we characterized one up-regulated gene PhOBF1,belonging to the basic leucine zipper transcription factor family,in senescing petals of petunia(Petunia hybrida).Exogenous treatments with ethylene and GA3 provoked a dramatic increase in PhOBF1 transcripts.Compared with wild-type plants,PhOBF1-RNAi transgenic petunia plants exhibited shortened f lower longevity,while overexpression of PhOBF1 resulted in delayed flower senescence.Transcript abundances of two senescence-related genes PhSAG12 and PhSAG29 were higher in PhOBF1-silenced plants but lower in PhOBF1-overexpressing plants.Silencing and overexpression of PhOBF1 affected expression levels of a few genes involved in the GA biosynthesis and signaling pathways,as well as accumulation levels of bioactive GAs GA1 and GA3.Application of GA3 restored the accelerated petal senescence to normal levels in PhOBF1-RNAi transgenic petunia lines,and reduced ethylene release and transcription of three ethylene biosynthetic genes PhACO1,PhACS1,and PhACS2.Moreover,PhOBF1 was observed to specifically bind to the PhGA20ox3 promoter containing a G-box motif.Transient silencing of PhGA20ox3 in petunia plants through tobacco rattle virus-based virus-induced gene silencing method led to accelerated corolla senescence.Our results suggest that PhOBF1 functions as a negative regulator of ethylene-mediated f lower senescence by modulating the GA production.

Effect of Soil Fertilizer Application on Soil Nutrient Migration and Tea Quality of Plateau-Puerh Tea

In order to solve the problem of chemical fertilizer application balance of Pu’er tea in Taiwan, the effects of different fertilization treatments on land nutrient migration and tea quality were explored, and the basis for rational fertilization of tea gardens was provided. In this study, the effects of different fertilization treatments on tea quality indexes were studied by three different sets of fertilization treatments in tea gardens. Three sets of different fertilization treatments were set up in the experiment: conventional fertilization treatment (T1), slow-release fertilizer reduction by 20% (T2) and slow-release fertilizer reduction by 30% (T3), and the quality index of tea under different fertilization treatments, as well as the alkaline nitrogen, available phosphorus and total nitrogen and total phosphorus content in surface water of the soil were measured and analyzed. The results showed that: 1) compared with T1, the soil available phosphorus in T3 decreased by 23.5%, and the alkalinelyzed nitrogen increased by 20.5%;2) compared with T1, the total nitrogen and total phosphorus concentrations of surface water in the T2 and T3 treatments were at a low level compared with T1;compared with T1, T2 decreased by 71.4%, and T3 decreased by 68.6%;3) compared with T1, T3 was able to maintain the quality indicators of amino acids, tea polyphenols and soluble sugars in tea in a high and stable range. Therefore, under the condition of conventional fertilization and reduction, a 30% reduction in slow-release fertilizer is currently more suitable for the fertilization technology of Menghai County Tea Garden.

Heavy Metal Characteristics and Comprehensive Quality Index Evaluation of Soil-Crop System in 11 Cities of Yunnan Province, China

Yunnan province in China is a high background area of soil heavy metals, and agricultural planting and industrial and mining activities are relatively frequent, which aggravate soil heavy metal pollution. However, at present, there are few reports on the overall or large-scale soil-crop pollution and risk assessment of heavy metals in Yunnan Province. This study through 11 cities in Yunnan province of China farmland soil-crop systems of heavy metal lead, cadmium content, enrichment coefficient is analyzed, and using the method of potential ecological harm index, index of compressive quality to evaluate heavy metal pollution soil-crop system risk. Results showed that the average content of soil heavy metal Cd and Pb were 1.31 mg/kg, 64.17 mg/kg, which are higher than the background value of Yunnan province. The average contents of Pb and Cd in the edible parts of crops were 0.20 mg/kg, 0.08 mg/kg. The average content of heavy metals in crops in Diqing (Pb) and Nujiang (Cd) was 0.72 mg/kg and 0.148 mg/kg. The enrichment coefficients of heavy metals in edible parts of crops were the largest in Diqing (Pb) and Zhaotong (Cd). The average value of ecological risk index of Pb element in soil is 2.79, which indicates that the study area is in a slight ecological hazard, the average value of the ecological risk index of Cd in soil is 126.43. The average value of the comprehensive quality impact index (IICQ) is 4.27, which indicates that the study area is moderately polluted. In this study, the contents of heavy metals Cd and Pb in soils and crops in different administrative regions were determined, and the heavy metals Pb and Cd in soil-crop system of Yunnan province, China were evaluated, it is expected to have important scientific and theoretical significance for the safe use of cultivated land to export safe agricultural products and promote the sustainable development of agriculture in Yunnan Plateau.

网络特征、金融机构效率与风险承担

本文以来自银行业、证券业、信托业和保险业的45家上市金融机构为研究对象,实证检验了各金融机构在上市金融网络中的地位和影响力对其成本效率和利润效率的影响机制。研究结果表明:我国上市金融机构网络呈现“核心—边缘”分布特征;核心金融机构与边缘机构之间的成本、利润和风险分配存在显著差异,随着金融机构在网络中地位的分化加剧,这种分配差异也将增加。在金融网络中处于核心地位的金融机构成本效率更低、利润效率更高,同时只须承担金融网络内相对较低的系统性风险。中介效应表明,风险承担渠道显著存在,网络特征通过作用于金融机构承担的系统性风险影响其成本效率和利润效率。

营商环境与企业创新--来自工商注册数据的证据

营商环境作为影响市场主体活动的综合环境,对企业的生产经营活动产生重要影响。本文使用国家工商行政管理总局的企业注册信息,计算各城市企业五年存续率、年度创业率和企业密度等数据,并通过主成分分析法构建城市营商环境发展水平指数。在此基础上利用2011-2020年的A股上市公司数据,实证检验营商环境对企业创新的影响。研究发现:好的营商环境能显著促进当地企业创新,在更换被解释变量、更换回归模型、剔除创新中心城市样本(直辖市)等稳健性检验后,以上结论依然成立。本文进一步使用周围城市营商环境均值作为营商环境的工具变量,缓解内生性问题后以上结论依然成立。机制检验表明,营商环境主要通过提高金融发展水平、增强知识产权保护力度的途径促进企业创新。拓展研究发现,营商环境在政府补贴与企业创新的正向关系中发挥促进作用,在外部审计与企业创新的正向关系中发挥替代效应。本文的结论为进一步优化营商环境、加快建设创新型国家提供了重要的政策参考。

Evaluating the performance of genomic selection on purebred population by incorporating crossbred data in pigs

Genomic selection(GS)has been widely used in livestock,which greatly accelerated the genetic progress of complex traits.The population size was one of the significant factors affecting the prediction accuracy,while it was limited by the purebred population.Compared to directly combining two uncorrelated purebred populations to extend the reference population size,it might be more meaningful to incorporate the correlated crossbreds into reference population for genomic prediction.In this study,we simulated purebred offspring(PAS and PBS)and crossbred offspring(CAB)base on real genotype data of two base purebred populations(PA and PB),to evaluate the performance of genomic selection on purebred while incorporating crossbred information.The results showed that selecting key crossbred individuals via maximizing the expected genetic relationship(REL)was better than the other methods(individuals closet or farthest to the purebred population,CP/FP)in term of the prediction accuracy.Furthermore,the prediction accuracy of reference populations combining PA and CAB was significantly better only based on PA,which was similar to combine PA and PAS.Moreover,the rank correlation between the multiple of the increased relationship(MIR)and reliability improvement was 0.60-0.70.But for individuals with low correlation(Cor(Pi,PA or B),the reliability improvement was significantly lower than other individuals.Our findings suggested that incorporating crossbred into purebred population could improve the performance of genetic prediction compared with using the purebred population only.The genetic relationship between purebred and crossbred population is a key factor determining the increased reliability while incorporating crossbred population in the genomic prediction on pure bred individuals.

Adaptive interaction driven by the learning effect in the spatial prisoner's dilemma

We propose a computing model in which individuals can automatically adjust their interaction intensity with their mentor according to the learning effect.This model is designed to investigate the cooperative dynamics of the spatial prisoner's dilemma.More specifically,when the cumulative payoff of a learner is more than his reference earning,he will strengthen his interaction with his mentor;otherwise,he will reduce it.The experimental results indicate that this mechanism can improve the emergence of cooperation in a networked population and that the driving coefficient of interaction intensity plays an important role in promoting cooperation.Interestingly,under a certain social dilemma condition,there exists a minimal driving coefficient that leads to optimal cooperation.This occurs due to a positive feedback effect between the individual's satisfaction frequency and the number of effective neighbors.Moreover,we find that the experimental results are in accord with theoretical predictions obtained from an extension of the classical pair-approximation method.Our conclusions obtained by considering relationships with mentors can provide a new perspective for future investigations into the dynamics of evolutionary games within structured populations.

A New Species of the Genus Xenophrys(Amphibia: Anura: Megophryidae) from Libo County, Guizhou, China

A new species of the genus Xenophrys is described from a karst cave environment of Libo County, Guizhou Province, Southern China. The new species, Xenophrys liboensis sp. nov., is distinguished from its congeners by a combination of the following characters： 1） tympanum distinct; 2） vomerine teeth present; 3） the length of lower arm and hand larger than the half of snout-vent; 4） heels overlapped slightly when the flexed legs are held at right angles to the body axis; 5） toe tips with rudimentary webs and without grooves; 6） dermal fringes moderate; 7） tubercles on the dorsum forming an X-shaped weak ridge; 8） horn-like tubercle at the edge of the upper eyelid distinct; 9） color of the iris in life is brown. In Bayesian phylogenetic analysis of 22 species of Xenophrys, all the individuals of X. liboensis sp. nov. clustered into a monophyletic clade with high posterior probabilities. In addition, the ranges of genetic divergences of X. liboensis sp. nov. with other species were interspecific rather than intraspecific. Based on the above evidences, we consider that X. liboensis sp. nov. is a valid species in Xenophrys.

Thin buffer layer assist carbon-modifying separator for long-life lithium metal anodes

The guided Li dendrite growth by carbon-modifying separator is believed to be an effective strategy for enhancing life of lithium metal batteries(LMBs).However,the weak adhesions,as well as the large interface impedance between the smooth separator and the carbon functional layer(CFL) lead to an easily peeling of the CFL after repetitive cycles.Herein,we propose a promising solution by an inserting thin buffer layer(TBL) to strengthen the adhesion between CFL and separator as a double modifying layer(C-TBL) of the LMBs separator,which greatly improves the stability of the CFL and provides an effective Li metal anode protection.Owing to the sufficient ionic conductivity,chemical stability and strong adhesion to the separator of the TBL,it can avoid the failure of the CFL functionality with small interface impedance.Moreover,the CFL effectively reduces localized flux of Li+ through its abundant pores.The Li/Li cell with C-TBL separator displays the Li dendrite-free and stable cycling performance for at least 1500 h.When LiFePO_(4)(LFP) is employed as the cathode electrode,the assembled full cell with C-TBL separator shows the excellent rate performance and outstanding cycling capability.Our study builds a stable Li+conducting "bridge" between the functional layer and the separator in stabilizing Li metal anode,and provides a fresh idea of the artificial separator of LMBs.

Impact of the 2010 resuscitation guidelines training on layperson chest compressions

BACKGROUND: Survival from cardiac arrest is sensitive to the quality of delivered CPR. In 2010, updated international resuscitation guidelines emphasized deeper chest compressions and faster rates, yet it is unknown whether training laypersons using updated guidelines resulted in changed CPR performance. We hypothesized that laypersons taught CPR using the 2010 guidelines performed deeper and faster compressions than those taught using the 2005 materials.METHODS: This work represents a secondary analysis of a study conducted at eight hospitals where family members of hospitalized cardiac patients were trained in CPR. An initial cohort was trained using the 2005 guidelines, and a subsequent cohort was trained using the 2010 guideline materials. Post training, CPR skills were quantified using a recording manikin.RESULTS: Between May 2009 to August 2013, 338 subjects completed the assessment. Among the subjects, 176 received 2005 training and 162 underwent 2010 training. The mean compression rate in the 2005 cohort was 87(95%CI 83–90) per minute, and in the 2010 cohort was 86(95%CI 83–90) per minute(P=ns), while the mean compression depth was 34(95%CI 32–35) mm in the 2005 cohort and 46(95%CI 44–47) mm in the 2010 cohort(P<0.01).CONCLUSIONS: Training with the 2010 CPR guidelines resulted in a statistically significant increase in trainees' compression depth but there was no change in compression rate. Nevertheless, the majority of CPR performed by trainees in both cohorts was below the guideline recommendation, highlighting an important gap between training goals and trainee performance.

Theoretical study of M_(6)X_(2) and M_(6)XX'structure(M=Au,Ag;X,X'=S,Se):Electronic and optical properties,ability of photocatalytic water splitting,and tunable properties under biaxial strain

MoS_(2),a transition metal dichalcogenide(TMDC),has attracted significant amount of attention due to its direct bandgap,tunability and optical properties.Recently,a novel structure consisting of MoS_(2) and noble metal nanoclusters has been reported.Inspired by this,first principle calculations are implemented to predict the structures of M_(6)X_(2) and M_(6)XX'(M=Au,Ag;X,X'=S,Se).The calculated bandgap,band edge position,and optical absorption of these structures prove that the silver compounds(Ag_(6)X_(2) and Ag_(6)XX')have great potential for catalytic water splitting.In addition,biaxial strain(tensile strain and compressive strain)is applied to adjust the properties of these materials.The bandgap presents a quasi-linear trend with the increase of the applied strain.Moreover,the transition between the direct and indirect bandgap is found.The outstanding electronic and optical properties of these materials provide strong evidence for their application in microelectronic devices,photoelectric devices,and photocatalytic materials.

Variation analyses of controlled pollinated families and parental combining ability of Pinus koraiensis

To evaluate and select elite Pinus koraiensis parent combinations and offspring families,34 full-sib families were evaluated.Variance analysis of tree height,diameter at breast height and volume showed no significant differences among each block,the interaction of block,male and female.The family heritability of all traits were high(>0.9).Phenotypic and genotypic coefficients of variance of height,diameter at breast height,and volume showed that the phenotypic coefficient of variation of volume in the same combination was higher than height and diameter at breast height,indicating that volume was the main factor determining excellent single plant selection.The female and male trees with the best general combining ability indicated that the optimal parental hybridization was not necessarily the optimal combination.In addition,the least parents of hybrid offspring performance were always relatively poor and should not be selected as hybrid parents.Additionally,we found there was no significant difference among the effects of female and male parents by random modelling,but there were significant differences by fixed modelling.The most significant effect of female-and male interaction,and the selection of better female or male parents in the test parent group should be efficient as well as the results of significant variation among them by fixed modelling.For the evaluated breeding population of P.koraiensis,the backward selection of excellent parent combinations or forward selection of excellent individuals as progeny should be the major breeding strategies.

Orthogonal Experiment Design to Optimize the Pet Dog Dyeing Condition of Musa basjoo Siebold(MBS) & Lithospermum erythrorhizon(LE) Mixed Hair Dye

[Objectives] To optimize the pet dog dyeing process of plant hair dye. [Methods]Three factors affecting dyeing were selected including pH,concentration of dye and dyeing time. The L_9(3~3) orthogonal design was used to evaluate the hair coloring effect and the absorbance of cleaning solution after hair was dyed. [Results] The optimum pet dog dyeing process of plant hair dye was dye concentration of50 mg/mL,dye pH of 7. 5 and dyeing time of 1 h. [Conclusions] The coloring and fixing effects of the dye and dyeing process are good,which can lay a foundation for the development and utilization of plant dyes.

Power Supply Quality Analysis Using S-Transform and SVM Classifier

In this paper, a SVM classifier based on S-Transform is presented for power quality disturbances classification. Firstly, seven types of PQ events are created using Matlab simulation. These signals are analyzed to detect and localize PQ events via S-Transform by visual inspection. Then five significant features of the PQ disturbances are extracted from the S-Transform output. Afterwards, PQ disturbance samples with the five features are fed to SVM for training and automatic classification. Besides, particle swarm optimization is implemented to improve the performance of SVM. The results of the classification indicate that SVM classifier is an effective mechanism to detect and classify power quality disturbances.

利用人类全基因组亚硫酸氢盐测序数据检测CNVs的研究

DNA甲基化异常可能导致拷贝数变异(copy number variants,CNVs)的发生,而CNVs的发生又可能改变DNA甲基化水平。全基因组亚硫酸氢盐测序(whole genome bisulfite sequencing,WGBS)技术能够获得DNA水平的测序数据,具有挖掘CNVs的潜力和优势,但利用WGBS数据挖掘CNVs的效果尚不清楚。本研究选取了5款检测CNVs不同策略的软件(BreakDancer、cn.mops、CNVnator、DELLY、Pindel),基于人类的真实(2.62 billion reads)和模拟(12.35 billion reads)测序数据,进行150次CNVs检测,评估CNVs检出数量、精确率、召回率、相对检出能力、内存占用和运行时间等指标,旨在讨论利用WGBS数据检测CNVs的最佳方案。基于真实WGBS数据,Pindel检出缺失型和重复型CNVs的数量最多,CNVnator对缺失型CNVs的检测精确率最高,cn.mops对重复型CNVs的检测精确率最高,Pindel对缺失型CNVs的召回率最高,cn.mops对重复型CNVs的召回率最高。基于模拟WGBS数据,BreakDancer检出缺失型CNVs数量最多,cn.mops检出重复型CNVs数量最多,CNVnator对缺失型和重复型CNVs的检测精确率和召回率均为最高。与全基因组测序数据相比,CNVnator在真实和模拟WGBS数据中检出CNVs的能力与之相当。此外,DELLY和BreakDancer的内存占用峰值和CPU运行时间最小,CNVnator的内存占用峰值和CPU运行时间最大。结果表明,利用WGBS数据检测CNVs具有可行性,使用CNVnator和cn.mops在WGBS数据上检测CNVs的准确率较高,这些工作为利用WGBS数据深入研究CNVs和DNA甲基化之间的相互关系提供一定的参考和帮助。