Comprehensive investigation on robust photocatalytic hydrogen production over C_(3)N_(5)

Carbon nitride has drawn numerous eyes in the past decade,whereas the photocatalytic performance is significantly limited by its wide band-gap(~2.7 e V for C_(3)N_(4))simultaneously.Recently,C_(3)N_(5)with narrower band-gap has been reported,however,a systematically investigation on its photoactivity for H_(2)production has not been reported.The present work demonstrates the synthesis of C_(3)N_(5)by thermal treatment of 3-amino-1,2,4-triazole,and the photocatalytic performance for H_(2)production of C_(3)N_(5)is investigated comprehensively.Photocatalytic H_(2)production rate of C_(3)N_(5)is~2.2 times higher than that of C_(3)N_(4) with 1.0 wt%Pt as co-catalyst,and series of experiments are carried out to explore the behind elements accounting for the high photoactivity.Combining the results of DRS,PL and photocurrent,it is found that C_(3)N_(5)possesses wider visible light absorption region,lower band-gap and quicker photogenerated e^(-)/h^(+)separation efficiency.Moreover,characterizations including in-situ DRIFTS are adopted to monitor the adsorption property of H_(2)O on C_(3)N_(5),which plays a significant role in surface water reduction reaction,and higher amount of adsorbed H_(2)O molecules on C_(3)N_(5)is confirmed.The present work exhibits new insights into the high photocatalytic performance of N-rich carbon nitride catalysts.

Long noncoding RNAs:new insights in modulating mammalian spermatogenesis

Spermatogenesis is a complex differentiating developmental process in which undifferentiated spermatogonial germ cells differentiate into spermatocytes,spermatids,and finally,to mature spermatozoa.This multistage developmental process of spermatogenesis involves the expression of many male germ cell-specific long noncoding RNAs(lncRNAs)and highly regulated and specific gene expression.LncRNAs are a recently discovered large class of noncoding cellular transcripts that are still relatively unexplored.Only a few of them have postmeiotic;however,lncRNAs are involved in many cellular biological processes.The expression of lncRNAs is biologically relevant in the highly dynamic and complex program of spermatogenesis and has become a research focus in recent genome studies.This review considers the important roles and novel regulatory functions whereby lncRNAs modulate mammalian spermatogenesis.

DNA methylation and alternative splicing modulate FBXW11 gene expression in Holstein bull testis and are correlated with sperm quality

F-box and WD-40 domain protein 11(FBXW11)is an important component of the E3 ubiquitin-ligase enzyme that plays a key role in the ubiquitin-dependent regulation of spermatogenesis.In our previous research,the mRNA expression of FBXW11 in bull sperm with high motility is significantly higher than that with low motility.In the present study,the protein expression levels of FBXW11 in bull testicular tissues with low-performance sperm quality groups were significantly higher than those in normal performance groups.The immunohistochemistry result demonstrated that FBXW11 protein was located in the periphery of Leydig cells and seminiferous tubules.Three splice variants of the FBXW11 gene,namely,FBXW11-tv1,FBXW11-tv2,and FBXW11-tv3,were identified in testicular tissues.The splicing patterns of the three variants are exon skipping.The transcript FBXW11-tv2 expressions were the highest in each sample.The low-performance groups displayed higher FBXW11-tv1 and FBXW11-tv2 transcript expressions than the normal performance groups.Two CpG islands were located within the 5’UTR and exon 1-2 region of the FBXW11 gene.Bisulfite sequencing PCR results demonstrated that the methylation levels of 11 methylation sites in the CpG island 2 from−99 to−43 in the normal performance groups were significantly lower than those in the low-performance groups.Pearson correlation analysis suggested that the CpG island 2 methylation level was negatively correlated with sperm motility and the transcript FBXW11-tv2 expression level.Our data revealed that alternative splicing and DNA methylation jointly regulated FBXW11 gene expression and were correlated with sperm quality traits during spermatogenesis in Holsteins.

Networked Cooperative Distributed Model Predictive Control Based on State Observer

Although distributed model predictive control has caused significant attention and received many good results, the results are mostly under the assumption that the system states can be observed. However, the states are difficult to be observed in practice. In this paper, a novel distributed model predictive control is proposed based on state observer for a kind of linear discrete-time systems where states are not measured. Firstly, an output feedback control law is designed based on Lyapunov function and state observer. And the stability domain is described. Furthermore, the stability domain as a terminal constraint is added into the constraint conditions of the algorithm to make systems stable outside the stability domain. The simulation results show the effectiveness of the proposed method.