价格、恩格尔曲线以及时空通货紧缩对越南贫穷和不平等的影响

许多发展中国家都缺乏不同空间分类的具体价格数据。某些分析人员通过借助食品恩格尔曲线的“无价格”方法,对紧缩指数进行推导,因为名义上类似的家庭在所有的地区和时间阶段内,都拥有相同的食品份额。由于缺乏适当的价格数据,这一方法在某些国家可以作为空间紧缩指数使用,但这样做便不能对其进行测试。在本文中,越南的数据被用来针对多边价格指数提供的基准进行测试,而多边价格指数是通过往复的空间价格调查来计算的。取自食品恩格尔曲线的紧缩指数,对于来自多边价格指数的紧缩并不是完美的代理。如果这些价格指数能够可靠地比较实际生活水平随空间和时间的变化,那么这些结果就表明,如果恩格尔方法的紧缩指数被代替使用,那么对于贫穷和不均的程度、地点和变化的估计可能会受到扭曲。JEL代码:D12,E31,O15。

A review on trade-off analysis of ecosystem services for sustainable land-use management

Ecosystem services are substantial elements for human society. The central challenge to meet the human needs from ecosystems while sustain the Earth's life support systems makes it urgent to enhance efficient natural resource management for sustainable ecological and socioeconomic development. Trade-off analysis of ecosystem services can help to identify optimal decision points to balance the costs and benefits of the diverse human uses of ecosystems. In this sense, the aim of this paper is to provide key insights into ecosystem services trade-off analysis at different scales from a land use perspective, by comprehensively reviewing the trade-offs analysis tools and approaches that addressed in ecology, economics and other fields. The review will significantly contribute to future research on trade-off analysis to avoid inferior management options and offer a win-win solution based on comprehensive and efficient planning for interacting multiple ecosystem services.

再访气候变化 同位素研究打开了解过去的科学之窗

今年早些时候,政府间气候变化小组(IPCC)第3份评估报告得出结论说,'愈来愈多的观测结果显示,世界在日益变暖,并且气候系统出现其他变化。' 目前,广泛接受的看法是。