不同环境下湖泊矿物和湖水性质对碳埋藏的制约——以西藏郭扎错为例

湖泊沉积物不仅记录了湖泊演化的过程,还蕴含了丰富的碳储量。本文以青藏高原西部郭扎错407 cm长的湖芯为例,探讨了8.7 ka BP以来该湖由淡水湖演变到咸水湖的过程中,有机碳和无机碳沉积通量与储量的变化及影响因素。郭扎错无机碳沉积通量范围为4.6~35.1 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1),平均值为17 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1),无机碳储量范围为2.5×10^(6)~19.1×10^(6) t/a,平均值为9.2×10^(6) t/a,无机碳总储量约为18.5×10^(9) t。有机碳沉积通量范围为1.6~7.3 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1),平均值为4.0 g·m^(-2)·a^(-1),有机碳储量范围为1.5×10^(6)~3.3×10^(6) t/a,平均值为2.2×10^(6) t/a,有机碳总储量约为1.63×10^(9) t。8.7 ka BP以来,三个不同环境演化阶段(8.7~4.0 ka BP,4.0~1.5 ka BP,以及1.5 ka BP至今)中,4.0~1.5 ka BP气候寒冷干旱,湖泊为淡水湖,但无机碳和有机碳的沉积通量和储量都表现为低值。根据碳沉积通量和储量的变化特征发现,无机碳的沉积与碳酸盐矿物成因有关,而有机碳沉积则与黏土矿物的成因有关,二者都与环境、湖水性质变化有关,其中温度对无机碳沉积通量和储量的影响大于盐度的影响,而温度对有机碳沉积通量和储量的影响小于盐度的影响。

青藏高原湖泊中影响锂元素迁移和富集的矿物、元素及环境因素--以西藏郭扎错钻孔沉积物为例

作为我国战略性矿产的锂矿,主要赋存于青藏高原盐湖中。湖泊系统中,锂的富集和迁移规律关系到锂矿的高效提取和未来锂矿的储量估算。以西藏咸水湖郭扎错的钻孔沉积物为例,结合AMS 14 C年代和Mg元素含量变化,系统分析了孔隙水、碳酸盐矿物和硅酸盐矿物的锂含量变化,探讨了矿物、镁元素、环境变化和早期成岩作用等对锂元素迁移和富集的影响。郭扎错沉积物中锂和镁大部分存在于硅酸盐矿物中,锂和镁较高的相关性说明二者存在于相同的硅酸盐矿物中,如黏土矿物。大约90%的锂赋存在硅酸盐矿物中,约8.5%的锂赋存在碳酸盐矿物中,孔隙水中的锂含量占比仅约1.5%。碳酸盐矿物中Mg/Li摩尔比值为78~270,是孔隙水中10多倍,而硅酸盐矿物中的Mg/Li摩尔比值稳定在24~29。水-沉积物相互作用促进硅酸盐矿物中锂的释放,咸水环境下释放的锂多于淡水环境下。碳酸盐矿物中,锂和镁主要存在于方解石中。镁离子对锂离子的迁移具有阻碍作用,低温、高盐度下的阻碍作用更强。湖泊沉积物可能是湖水锂的一个重要来源。

西藏纳木错及其入湖河流溶解有机碳和总氮浓度的季节变化

为深入理解纳木错湖水及入湖河流中溶解有机碳(DOC)和总氮(TN)浓度的季节变化特征及其影响因素,于2012—2013年不同季节对纳木错2个站点及流域内21条主要入湖河流进行采样及分析,采用统计学方法初步探讨纳木错水体和21条河流DOC和TN浓度季节变化特征.结果表明,河流DOC平均浓度范围为0.763~1.537 mg/L,TN平均浓度范围为0.179~0.387 mg/L. 21条入湖河流DOC浓度在春末夏初和夏季达到高值,冬季为低值,TN浓度季节变化趋势大体上与DOC浓度相反.湖泊水体DOC和TN浓度范围分别为2.42~8.08和0.237~0.517 mg/L,明显分别高于河水中的浓度.湖泊DOC浓度季节变化趋势与河流一致,而TN浓度无明显的季节性变化.河水DOC浓度的季节变化和空间差异受控于河流的补给方式,湖水DOC浓度受湖泊内部藻类等水生植物活动和河流外源输入的影响. DOC等有机质的分解是影响纳木错流域湖水和河水TN浓度的重要原因.

Composition, spatial distribution, and environmental significance of water ions in Pumayum Co catchment, southern Tibet

The chemistry of major cations （Mg^2＋, Ca^2＋, Na^＋, and K^＋） and anions （HCO3^-, SO4^2-, and CI^-） in the water of Lake Pumayum Co and its inflow river was studied, revealing the obvious ionic difference among various inflow rivers and the lake. The chemical type of the lake water was Mg^2＋-Ca^2＋-HCO3^- -SO^2＋, but the major ions of the main inflow rivers were Ca^2＋-Mg^2＋-HCO3^-. In the lake inlet of Jiaqu River, the main inflow river, there was significant variance of water chemistry within the depth less than 2 m. However, it was almost homogeneous at other area of the lake. Therefore, with the evidence of distribution of water chemistry and oxygen isotope of lake water, a conclusion can be outlined that Jiaqu River had a distinct effect on the hydrochemistry of the water on the submerged delta, whereas this is not the case for other rivers. The Gibbs plot revealed that the dominant mechanism responsible for controlling chemical compositions of the lake water was rocks weathering in the drainage area. Ion ratios and ternary plots further explored the main processes controlling the water chemistry of the catchment, i.e., carbonate weathering, pyrite weathering, and silicate weathering. The different hydrochemistry characteristics between river water and lake water may result from the CaCO3 precipitation. The findings will benefit the explanation of the environmental significance of carbonate in paleolimnological studies in the lake.

青藏高原北部冰前湖沉积记录的中晚全新世冰川活动

青藏高原的冰川为亚洲地区大多数人口提供了重要的水资源,研究青藏高原的冰川活动历史有助于预估未来气候变化条件下的冰川响应。本文通过对羌塘腹地布若错沉积物岩芯的粒度、元素以及总有机碳等指标进行分析,重建了该流域中晚全新世以来的冰川活动历史。结果表明,布若错流域在5.2~4.0 cal.ka B.P.期间,冰川退缩,气候相对温暖;然而,4.0 cal.ka B.P.以来环境逐渐变干,印度季风持续减弱;随着3.2 cal.ka B.P.左右大规模的冰川前进,布若错流域进入新冰期,并受到较强西风的影响,气候寒冷干旱;1.3 cal.ka B.P.以来,流域内冰川仍然维持着较大规模,然而湖面却略有升高,可能反映了西风带来了一定的降水。此外,该流域存在4次显著的冰川前进事件,它们分别发生在3.6~3.4 cal.ka B.P.、3.2~2.3 cal.ka B.P.、1.9~1.7 cal.ka B.P.和0.4~0.1 cal.ka B.P.。这4次冷期与青藏高原其他古气候记录对应较好,这种频繁发生的冷事件可能与太阳辐射的长期衰减以及太阳活动的周期性变化有关,热带辐合带的持续南退是季风持续减弱的重要原因;此外,中晚全新世北大西洋的气候变化通过增强的西风环流对该流域产生影响。

西藏玛旁雍错沉积揭示的晚冰期以来环境变化

玛旁雍错位于青藏高原西南部,是研究印度季风演化的理想地区之一。利用活塞采样器在玛旁雍错75 m水深处获取了一根4.69 m长岩芯,利用^210Pb和AMS^14C测年确定了岩芯的年代,根据元素含量(XRF扫描)、总有机碳(TOC)、总无机碳(TIC)和总氮(TN)等代用指标,重建了该地区14 cal.ka B.P.以来气候环境变化。结果显示,冰消期(14~12 cal.ka B.P.),TOC和TIC含量变化显示了湖区环境整体上较为暖湿;12.0~11.4 cal.ka B.P.,径流明显减弱,可能是新仙女木事件的反映;早中全新世(11.4~3.4 cal.ka B.P.),湖区环境整体上以暖湿为主,气候有所波动,出现了两次冷事件(10.2~9.8 cal.ka B.P.和8.2 cal.ka B.P.左右),7.4~6.6 cal.ka B.P.,出现了一个暖时期;晚全新世(3.4~0 cal.ka B.P.),湖区环境整体上趋向于干旱化,并伴有两次相对湿润时期(2.6~2.0 cal.ka B.P.和1.4~1.0 cal.ka B.P.)。玛旁雍错环境变化表明,晚冰期以来(14.0~3.4 cal.ka B.P.),受到太阳辐射的影响,印度季风带来的降水以及冰川融水较多,湖区环境较为湿润,整体上有利于内源生物的生存;晚全新世(3.4~0 cal.ka B.P.),北半球夏季太阳辐射量减少,印度季风减弱,径流减弱,湖区环境朝干旱化方向发展。

青藏高原赤布张错介形类反映的近13000年气候变化

了解印度季风和西风对该区环境的影响程度及变化历史对认识青藏高原与全球变化的关系具有重要意义。本研究以青藏高原中部赤布张错湖泊5.48 m沉积岩芯中的介形虫为研究对象,利用介形虫属种和丰度变化以及介壳δ^(18)O、δ^(13)C、Mg/Ca和Sr/Ca等环境代用指标,重建晚冰期末期以来的湖泊环境与气候变化历史。研究表明,赤布张错近13 cal.ka B.P.的环境与气候变化历史分为3个阶段:阶段Ⅰ为13.0~9.2 cal.ka B.P.,白玻璃介出现较多,介壳δ^(18)O、δ^(13)C为高值,具有气候相对温暖、湖泊由降水补给为主转为融水为主的变化特征,其中,12.3~11.1 cal.ka B.P.低水位指示的寒冷干旱反映了本区对Younger Dryas事件的响应;阶段Ⅱ为9.2~4.4 cal.ka B.P.,湖泊由以降水补给为主的相对温暖的浅水状态,转向以冰川融水补给为主的温凉状态,水深逐渐加大,该阶段的4个亚阶段分别为9.2~7.7 cal.ka B.P.、7.7~6.8 cal.ka B.P.、6.8~5.4 cal.ka B.P.和5.4~4.4 cal.ka B.P.,分别具有浅水下的温暖湿润、温凉湿润、温凉干旱和深水下温凉湿润特征;阶段Ⅲ为4.4 cal.ka B.P.~现在,介壳Mg/Ca指示湖区环境出现相对剧烈的波动,总体上为高湖面状态,呈现温暖-寒冷-温暖的变化特征。与青藏高原的其他湖泊环境变化记录相比,赤布张错环境记录反映了西风季风过渡区在晚冰期末期到全新世早期受到季风加强的影响,气候转暖;全新世早期到中期受西风影响更为明显;全新世晚期湖泊水量增加与季风加强下的降水和冰川融水增加均有密切关系。

可可西里的湖

深入了解青藏高原,才能更好地保护好这世界上最后一方净土。自20世纪70>开始,国家对青藏高原实施了大规模综合科学考察,简称“第一次青藏科考”。由于自然条件过于恶劣并受科考条件所限,“第一次青藏科考”对可可西里的考察在1989—1990年方才启动。在1989年预考察的基础上,1990年5月21日-8月23日,由34个单位共68人组成的科考队,19台车对可可西里开展了涵盖20多个专业的综合科学考察。

The spatial distribution and sedimentary processes of organic matter in surface sediments of Nam Co,Central Tibetan Plateau

In this study,67 surface sediment samples collected from Nam Co in central Tibet were analyzed for total carbon,total organic carbon and total nitrogen,and 51 of these samples were also analyzed for n-alkanes.The origin and spatial distribution of organic matter were then investigated using these proxies,and the control factors responsible for the spatial distribution patterns and paleolimnological significance were discussed.The results indicated that the origin of organic matter in surface sediment of Nam Co is consistent with the sources of n-alkanes,which were primarily submerged plants,followed by terrestrial plants,and then aquatic algae and bacteria.The organic matter in surface sediments of the lake showed typical spatial variability.Because of the great influence of underwater topography,river inputs and water quality,the spatial distribution of organic matter is enriched from the source to the deposit center.This spatial variability of organic matter in the lake indicates that the sediments in different areas have different sensitivities to environmental changes,which is important to reconstruction of paleoenvironments and paleoclimate using lake sediment cores.

Environmental changes reflected by n-alkanes of lake core in Nam Co on the Tibetan Plateau since 8.4 kaB.P.

The n-alkanes are extracted from NMLC-1 core that was drilled in the Nam Co, central Tibet. They are measured by using Gas Chromatography and Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) for componential and quantitative analyses. According to the constructed depth-age model, the component and concentration of n-alkanes, together with total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN) and carbonate are used to elu- cidate palaeoenvironmental changes of Nam Co during the past 8.4 ka. The results indicate that Holo- cene environment performs three stages in the lake area. In the stage of 8.4―6.7 kaB.P., it was warmer while precipitation slightly increased. This stage was ended by an obvious cold/dry event. During 6.7― 5.8 kaB.P., temperature increased rapidly and reached its maximum values at about 6.0 kaB.P. The environments were warm/wet optimum for the blooming of terrestrial plants and submerged aquatic plants. After that, temperature decreased continuously and showed the lowest values at about 3.0 kaB.P. From 2.9 kaB.P. to the present, temperature rose again but alternated with cold and warm. The lake area tended to be dry after 1.4 kaB.P. During 600―400 aB.P., the environmental feature was the reflection of "Little Ice Age".

Hydrodynamic process of Tibetan Plateau lake revealed by grain size:Case study of Pumayum Co

Under the background of global warming,some lakes on the Tibetan Plateau(TP) are potentially sensitive to temperature change.With a case study of Pumayum Co,where glacier meltwater is important to supply(we call this a glacier-fed lake hereafter),we analyze the sensitivity of lake sediment grain size to temperature change.This is done by resolving the modern hydrodynamic process,coupled with comparison of paleoclimatic proxies.According to the spatial distributions of parameters,percentage of grain size and the grain size frequency distribution curve,hydrodynamic processes are analyzed.Five clastic sedimentation types are thereby discriminated.In the open lake area,suspended load transport is the main transport agent.Grain Size Trend Analysis(GSTA),a sediment dynamics model,reveals a trend toward eastward transport.This indicates that the largest and glacier-fed river,the Jiaqu River,influences the entire lake(not just the subsurface alluvial fan),and that lake sediment grain size may serve as a temperature indicator.Time series comparison between grain size of a short core from the central lake and meteorological data confirms this temperature indication,which in turn shows reliability of the method discriminating the hydrodynamic process.This case study will improve the ability of paleoclimatic reconstruction using lake sediment in glacier-fed lakes on the Tibetan Plateau.