叶绿素荧光技术能够快速、灵敏、无损地测定植物光合功能对环境变化的响应,已成为当前植物光合能力测定的重要技术手段之一,但是探讨亚热带森林叶绿素荧光参数在不同季节日变化特征受环境因子影响的研究较少,更缺乏与植被生产力关系的...叶绿素荧光技术能够快速、灵敏、无损地测定植物光合功能对环境变化的响应,已成为当前植物光合能力测定的重要技术手段之一,但是探讨亚热带森林叶绿素荧光参数在不同季节日变化特征受环境因子影响的研究较少,更缺乏与植被生产力关系的研究。以亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象,利用2016年叶绿素荧光测量和涡度相关通量观测数据,分析了不同季节湿地松和马尾松叶片荧光参数实际光化学效率(Photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ,ΦPSⅡ)和非光化学淬灭(Non?photochemical quenching,NPQ)的日变化特征,并结合增强回归树等统计方法,定量化环境因子对其影响,最后探讨了荧光参数与总初级生产力(Gross primary productivity,GPP)和光能利用率(Light use efficiency,LUE)的关系。结果表明,ΦPSⅡ日变化总体上呈现“U型”,早晚高午间低,而NPQ先升后降,午间达到峰值,与ΦPSⅡ的日变化显著负相关。研究发现,光照是影响亚热带人工针叶林ΦPSⅡ日变化最主要的环境因子,ΦPSⅡ随着光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)的升高而降低,PAR对湿地松和马尾松叶片ΦPSⅡ的相对贡献率分别为83.0%和51.1%。PAR对湿地松叶片NPQ日变化的相对贡献率也最高(77.2%),但马尾松的NPQ主要受叶片温度(Leaf temperature,Tleaf)的影响(59.6%)。此外,GPP与ΦPSⅡ显著负相关,而与NPQ有显著的正相关关系。LUE随着ΦPSⅡ增长,但存在ΦPSⅡ高而LUE低的情况,LUE与NPQ显著负相关,热耗散的比例越高,光能利用效率也相应降低。展开更多
A number of remotely sensed land cover datasets with spatial resolutions ~〈 1 km have recently become available or are in the process of being mapped. The application of these higher resolution and more up-to-date la...A number of remotely sensed land cover datasets with spatial resolutions ~〈 1 km have recently become available or are in the process of being mapped. The application of these higher resolution and more up-to-date land cover datasets in chemical transport models （CTMs） is expected to improve the simulation of dry deposition and biogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds （NMVOCs）, which affect ozone and other secondary air pollutants. In the present study, we updated the land cover dataset in the nested-grid GEOS-Chem CTM with the 1 km resolution GLC2000 land cover map and examined the resulting changes in the simulation of surface ozone and sulfate over China in July 2007. Through affecting the dry deposition velocities of ozone and its precursors, using GLC2000 in the dry deposition module can decrease the simulated surface ozone by 3% （up to 6 ppb） over China. Simulated surface sulfate shows an increase of 3% in northwestern China and a decrease of 1% in northern China. Applying GLC2000 in the biogenic emissions of the NMVOC module can lead to a 0.5--4.5 ppb increase in simulated surface ozone over East China, mainly driven by the larger cove~：age of broadleaf trees in East China in the GLC2000 dataset. Our study quantifies the large sensitivity to land cover dataset~ with different spatial resolutions and time periods of simulated secondary air pollutants over China, supporting ongoing research efforts to produce high resolution and dynamically updated land cover datasets over China, as well as for the globe.展开更多
溢油是海洋环境监测的重要目标之一。近年来,光学遥感对海面溢油不同污染类型的识别、分类与估算原理得到阐明,其技术优势获得认可;能为海面溢油监测提供颠覆性的技术支持,提高了溢油的识别精度,实现精细化定量探测。随着中国海洋水色...溢油是海洋环境监测的重要目标之一。近年来,光学遥感对海面溢油不同污染类型的识别、分类与估算原理得到阐明,其技术优势获得认可;能为海面溢油监测提供颠覆性的技术支持,提高了溢油的识别精度,实现精细化定量探测。随着中国海洋水色业务卫星—HY-1C/D(Haiyang-1C/D)的投入应用,其搭载的海岸带成像仪CZI(Coastal Zone Imager)在中国近海溢油监测中体现了较好的效能;但HY-1C/D星CZI载荷开展中国近海溢油业务化监测应用,还需要不断丰富并发展溢油识别提取算法。在HY-1C/D星CZI载荷的高空间分辨率影像中,不同的海面溢油污染类型具有明确的光谱响应特征和形态特征;太阳耀光反射差异,有助于海面溢油的遥感检测,同时也给溢油污染的识别分类与定量估算带来不确定性影响。本研究在CZI载荷数据对海面溢油波段响应基础上,通过溢油海面与背景干扰的耀光反射特征分析,厘清CZI图像中海面耀光干扰的空间分布特点;进一步在优选波段的移动窗口分割及其参数统计基础上,通过对不同分割窗间的耀光形态特征及其相关性判断,实现了CZI图像上海面溢油较高精度的识别与提取。其中,弱耀光条件下油膜提取的平均精度为90.24%、乳化油的平均精度为80.55%;强耀光条件下溢油提取总体效果也较好。面向国产自主海洋水色业务卫星数据,发展溢油光学遥感识别、分类、提取与估算,不仅能促进国产海洋光学卫星的业务化应用,更能为全面掌握中国近海溢油污染状况提供数据参考。展开更多
Land cover is one of the most basic input elements of land surface and climate models. Currently, the direct and indirect effects of land cover data on climate and climate change are receiving increasing attentions. I...Land cover is one of the most basic input elements of land surface and climate models. Currently, the direct and indirect effects of land cover data on climate and climate change are receiving increasing attentions. In this study, a high resolution(30 m) global land cover dataset(Globe Land30) produced by Chinese scientists was, for the first time, used in the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC_CSM) to assess the influences of land cover dataset on land surface and climate simulations. A two-step strategy was designed to use the Globe Land30 data in the model. First, the Globe Land30 data were merged with other satellite remote sensing and climate datasets to regenerate plant functional type(PFT) data fitted for the BCC_CSM. Second, the up-scaling based on an area-weighted approach was used to aggregate the fine-resolution Globe Land30 land cover type and area percentage with the coarser model grid resolutions globally. The Globe Land30-based and the BCC_CSM-based land cover data had generally consistent spatial distribution features, but there were some differences between them. The simulation results of the different land cover type dataset change experiments showed that effects of the new PFT data were larger than those of the new glaciers and water bodies(lakes and wetlands). The maximum value was attained when dataset of all land cover types were changed. The positive bias of precipitation in the mid-high latitude of the northern hemisphere and the negative bias in the Amazon, as well as the negative bias of air temperature in part of the southern hemisphere, were reduced when the Globe Land30-based data were used in the BCC_CSM atmosphere model. The results suggest that the Globe Land30 data are suitable for use in the BCC_CSM component models and can improve the performance of the land and atmosphere simulations.展开更多
Forests are crucial terrestrial ecosystems.Their leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter determining the exchange of matter and energy between the atmosphere and the ground surface.In this study,MOD 09A1 and MCD 43A1...Forests are crucial terrestrial ecosystems.Their leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter determining the exchange of matter and energy between the atmosphere and the ground surface.In this study,MOD 09A1 and MCD 43A1 data were input into an inversion model based on the 4-scale geometric optical model to retrieve 8-d 500 m LAI products in China during the period 2000 to 2010.The resulting LAI product was validated using LAI measured in 6 typical areas.The spatial and temporal variations of forest LAI and its relationships with temperature and precipitation were analyzed.The results show that the accuracy of the 500 m LAI product was above 70% in the 6 typical areas,indicating the reliability of this product.From 2000 to 2010,forest LAI in northeast,north,and south central China showed increasing trends.However,forest LAI in southeast and parts of southwest China showed downward trends,mainly because of the significant decrease observed during the period 2008 to 2010.Annual mean forest LAI positively correlated with annual mean temperature (AMT) in northeastern China and negatively correlated with AMT in southwest China.It had positive correlations with annual total precipitation in central south and north China.The abnormal climate conditions in 2001 and 2009 caused forest LAI to be obviously lower than normal in regions south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River.Annual mean LAI decreased by more than 1.0 in some areas.展开更多
The vegetation coverage dynamics and its relationship with climate factors on different spatial and temporal scales in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 were analyzed based on MODIS-NDVI data and climate data. The resul...The vegetation coverage dynamics and its relationship with climate factors on different spatial and temporal scales in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 were analyzed based on MODIS-NDVI data and climate data. The results indicated that vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia showed obvious longitudinal zonality, increasing from west to east across the region with a change rate of 0.2/10N. During 2001-2010, the mean vegetation coverage was 0.57, 0.4 and 0.16 in forest, grassland and desert biome, respectively, exhibiting evident spatial heterogeneities. Totally, vegetation coverage had a slight increasing trend during the study period. Across Inner Mongolia, the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant increase accounted for 11.25% and 29.13% of the area of whole region, respectively, while the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for 7.65% and 26.61%, respectively. On interannual time scale, precipitation was the dominant driving force of vegetation coverage for the whole region. On inter-monthly scale, the change of vegetation coverage was consistent with both the change of temperature and precipitation, implying that the vegetation growth within a year is more sensitive to the combined effects of water and heat rather than either single climate factor. The vegetation coverage in forest biome was mainly driven by temperature on both inter-annual and inter-monthly scales, while that in desert biome was mainly influenced by precipitation on both the two temporal scales. In grassland biome, the yearly vegetation coverage had a better correlation with precipitation, while the monthly vegetation coverage was influenced by both temperature and precipitation. In grassland bi- ome, the impacts of precipitation on monthly vegetation coverage showed time-delay effects.展开更多
文摘叶绿素荧光技术能够快速、灵敏、无损地测定植物光合功能对环境变化的响应,已成为当前植物光合能力测定的重要技术手段之一,但是探讨亚热带森林叶绿素荧光参数在不同季节日变化特征受环境因子影响的研究较少,更缺乏与植被生产力关系的研究。以亚热带人工针叶林为研究对象,利用2016年叶绿素荧光测量和涡度相关通量观测数据,分析了不同季节湿地松和马尾松叶片荧光参数实际光化学效率(Photochemical efficiency of PSⅡ,ΦPSⅡ)和非光化学淬灭(Non?photochemical quenching,NPQ)的日变化特征,并结合增强回归树等统计方法,定量化环境因子对其影响,最后探讨了荧光参数与总初级生产力(Gross primary productivity,GPP)和光能利用率(Light use efficiency,LUE)的关系。结果表明,ΦPSⅡ日变化总体上呈现“U型”,早晚高午间低,而NPQ先升后降,午间达到峰值,与ΦPSⅡ的日变化显著负相关。研究发现,光照是影响亚热带人工针叶林ΦPSⅡ日变化最主要的环境因子,ΦPSⅡ随着光合有效辐射(Photosynthetically active radiation,PAR)的升高而降低,PAR对湿地松和马尾松叶片ΦPSⅡ的相对贡献率分别为83.0%和51.1%。PAR对湿地松叶片NPQ日变化的相对贡献率也最高(77.2%),但马尾松的NPQ主要受叶片温度(Leaf temperature,Tleaf)的影响(59.6%)。此外,GPP与ΦPSⅡ显著负相关,而与NPQ有显著的正相关关系。LUE随着ΦPSⅡ增长,但存在ΦPSⅡ高而LUE低的情况,LUE与NPQ显著负相关,热耗散的比例越高,光能利用效率也相应降低。
基金supported by the National HighTechnology Research and Development Program of China(Grant No.2009AA122005)the Beijing Nova Program(Grant No.Z121109002512052)
文摘A number of remotely sensed land cover datasets with spatial resolutions ~〈 1 km have recently become available or are in the process of being mapped. The application of these higher resolution and more up-to-date land cover datasets in chemical transport models （CTMs） is expected to improve the simulation of dry deposition and biogenic emissions of non-methane volatile organic compounds （NMVOCs）, which affect ozone and other secondary air pollutants. In the present study, we updated the land cover dataset in the nested-grid GEOS-Chem CTM with the 1 km resolution GLC2000 land cover map and examined the resulting changes in the simulation of surface ozone and sulfate over China in July 2007. Through affecting the dry deposition velocities of ozone and its precursors, using GLC2000 in the dry deposition module can decrease the simulated surface ozone by 3% （up to 6 ppb） over China. Simulated surface sulfate shows an increase of 3% in northwestern China and a decrease of 1% in northern China. Applying GLC2000 in the biogenic emissions of the NMVOC module can lead to a 0.5--4.5 ppb increase in simulated surface ozone over East China, mainly driven by the larger cove~：age of broadleaf trees in East China in the GLC2000 dataset. Our study quantifies the large sensitivity to land cover dataset~ with different spatial resolutions and time periods of simulated secondary air pollutants over China, supporting ongoing research efforts to produce high resolution and dynamically updated land cover datasets over China, as well as for the globe.
文摘溢油是海洋环境监测的重要目标之一。近年来,光学遥感对海面溢油不同污染类型的识别、分类与估算原理得到阐明,其技术优势获得认可;能为海面溢油监测提供颠覆性的技术支持,提高了溢油的识别精度,实现精细化定量探测。随着中国海洋水色业务卫星—HY-1C/D(Haiyang-1C/D)的投入应用,其搭载的海岸带成像仪CZI(Coastal Zone Imager)在中国近海溢油监测中体现了较好的效能;但HY-1C/D星CZI载荷开展中国近海溢油业务化监测应用,还需要不断丰富并发展溢油识别提取算法。在HY-1C/D星CZI载荷的高空间分辨率影像中,不同的海面溢油污染类型具有明确的光谱响应特征和形态特征;太阳耀光反射差异,有助于海面溢油的遥感检测,同时也给溢油污染的识别分类与定量估算带来不确定性影响。本研究在CZI载荷数据对海面溢油波段响应基础上,通过溢油海面与背景干扰的耀光反射特征分析,厘清CZI图像中海面耀光干扰的空间分布特点;进一步在优选波段的移动窗口分割及其参数统计基础上,通过对不同分割窗间的耀光形态特征及其相关性判断,实现了CZI图像上海面溢油较高精度的识别与提取。其中,弱耀光条件下油膜提取的平均精度为90.24%、乳化油的平均精度为80.55%;强耀光条件下溢油提取总体效果也较好。面向国产自主海洋水色业务卫星数据,发展溢油光学遥感识别、分类、提取与估算,不仅能促进国产海洋光学卫星的业务化应用,更能为全面掌握中国近海溢油污染状况提供数据参考。
基金supported by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2009AA122005)the Public Welfare Meteorology Research Project of China (Grant Nos. 201506023, 201306048)the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41275076, 40905046)
文摘Land cover is one of the most basic input elements of land surface and climate models. Currently, the direct and indirect effects of land cover data on climate and climate change are receiving increasing attentions. In this study, a high resolution(30 m) global land cover dataset(Globe Land30) produced by Chinese scientists was, for the first time, used in the Beijing Climate Center Climate System Model(BCC_CSM) to assess the influences of land cover dataset on land surface and climate simulations. A two-step strategy was designed to use the Globe Land30 data in the model. First, the Globe Land30 data were merged with other satellite remote sensing and climate datasets to regenerate plant functional type(PFT) data fitted for the BCC_CSM. Second, the up-scaling based on an area-weighted approach was used to aggregate the fine-resolution Globe Land30 land cover type and area percentage with the coarser model grid resolutions globally. The Globe Land30-based and the BCC_CSM-based land cover data had generally consistent spatial distribution features, but there were some differences between them. The simulation results of the different land cover type dataset change experiments showed that effects of the new PFT data were larger than those of the new glaciers and water bodies(lakes and wetlands). The maximum value was attained when dataset of all land cover types were changed. The positive bias of precipitation in the mid-high latitude of the northern hemisphere and the negative bias in the Amazon, as well as the negative bias of air temperature in part of the southern hemisphere, were reduced when the Globe Land30-based data were used in the BCC_CSM atmosphere model. The results suggest that the Globe Land30 data are suitable for use in the BCC_CSM component models and can improve the performance of the land and atmosphere simulations.
文摘以全球变暖为主要特征的气候变化已成为全球性环境问题,对全球可持续发展带来严峻挑战。2015年《巴黎协定》确定了自2020年后国家自主贡献的减排方式,并从2023年开始每5 a开展一次全球碳盘点。2019年第49届IPCC全会明确增加了基于卫星遥感的排放清单校验方法。欧盟、美国、日本、加拿大等正在大力发展温室气体排放的MVS(Monitoring and Verification Support)能力。本文调研分析了全球碳盘点对卫星遥感技术的需求,介绍了全球碳盘点卫星遥感的技术原理,梳理了温室气体卫星遥感、生态系统碳源汇卫星遥感估算、人为源碳排放卫星遥感、碳通量同化估算等全球碳盘点卫星遥感核心环节的研究现状与进展,分析了当前卫星遥感技术对全球碳盘点任务的支撑能力,并结合国内外发展趋势,针对性地提出中国的碳监测卫星计划方案,并展望了中国开展全球碳盘点卫星遥感监测重点任务,期望为中国全球碳盘点卫星遥感体系建设提供思路与方案。
基金supported by the National Basic Research Program of China(2010CB833503 and 2010CB0705002)the National High-Technology Research and Development Program of China(2009AA122005)the Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions(PAPD)
文摘Forests are crucial terrestrial ecosystems.Their leaf area index (LAI) is a key parameter determining the exchange of matter and energy between the atmosphere and the ground surface.In this study,MOD 09A1 and MCD 43A1 data were input into an inversion model based on the 4-scale geometric optical model to retrieve 8-d 500 m LAI products in China during the period 2000 to 2010.The resulting LAI product was validated using LAI measured in 6 typical areas.The spatial and temporal variations of forest LAI and its relationships with temperature and precipitation were analyzed.The results show that the accuracy of the 500 m LAI product was above 70% in the 6 typical areas,indicating the reliability of this product.From 2000 to 2010,forest LAI in northeast,north,and south central China showed increasing trends.However,forest LAI in southeast and parts of southwest China showed downward trends,mainly because of the significant decrease observed during the period 2008 to 2010.Annual mean forest LAI positively correlated with annual mean temperature (AMT) in northeastern China and negatively correlated with AMT in southwest China.It had positive correlations with annual total precipitation in central south and north China.The abnormal climate conditions in 2001 and 2009 caused forest LAI to be obviously lower than normal in regions south of the Qinling Mountains and Huaihe River.Annual mean LAI decreased by more than 1.0 in some areas.
基金The Key Project of National Basic Research Program of China,No.2010CB950702China's High-tech Special Projects,No.2007AA10Z231APN Project,No.ARCP2011-06CMY-Li
文摘The vegetation coverage dynamics and its relationship with climate factors on different spatial and temporal scales in Inner Mongolia during 2001-2010 were analyzed based on MODIS-NDVI data and climate data. The results indicated that vegetation coverage in Inner Mongolia showed obvious longitudinal zonality, increasing from west to east across the region with a change rate of 0.2/10N. During 2001-2010, the mean vegetation coverage was 0.57, 0.4 and 0.16 in forest, grassland and desert biome, respectively, exhibiting evident spatial heterogeneities. Totally, vegetation coverage had a slight increasing trend during the study period. Across Inner Mongolia, the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant increase accounted for 11.25% and 29.13% of the area of whole region, respectively, while the area of which the vegetation coverage showed extremely significant and significant decrease accounted for 7.65% and 26.61%, respectively. On interannual time scale, precipitation was the dominant driving force of vegetation coverage for the whole region. On inter-monthly scale, the change of vegetation coverage was consistent with both the change of temperature and precipitation, implying that the vegetation growth within a year is more sensitive to the combined effects of water and heat rather than either single climate factor. The vegetation coverage in forest biome was mainly driven by temperature on both inter-annual and inter-monthly scales, while that in desert biome was mainly influenced by precipitation on both the two temporal scales. In grassland biome, the yearly vegetation coverage had a better correlation with precipitation, while the monthly vegetation coverage was influenced by both temperature and precipitation. In grassland bi- ome, the impacts of precipitation on monthly vegetation coverage showed time-delay effects.
