Integration of network pharmacology and bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells experimental research to reveal the molecular mechanisms for Hai Honghua medicinal liquor against osteoporosis

Background:Hai Honghua medicinal liquor(HHML)formula has been used in clinical practice for a long time,mainly for the treatment of freshly closed fractures,to promote osteogenesis,to increase bone mass,and thus to promote fracture healing.However,the underlying mechanisms of HHML in the treatment of osteoporosis(OP)are still unclear.Methods:Firstly,Traditional Chinese Medicines Systems Pharmacology Database and Analysis Platform and The Encyclopedia of Traditional Chinese Medicine were used to screen the targets of the active compounds of HHML.At the same time,OP targets were identified through GeneCards,Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man,DisGeNET,Therapeutic Target Database,Comparative Toxicogenomics Database and Human Phenotype Ontology databases.Next,protein-protein interaction and pathway networks were constructed for compound-disease common targets,and core targets and compounds were screened for molecular docking.Furthermore,rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells were extracted as model cells,and the osteogenic effects of HHML were verified via in vitro experiments.Results:Total of 343 common targets of HHML-OP and the top 10 target proteins in the protein-protein interaction network are TP53,AKT1,STAT3,HSP90AA1,ESR1,TNF,IL6,MAPK1,MAPK3 and MAPK8.Enrichment analysis yielded that the key molecular pathway was the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.Molecular docking analysis showed that baicalein,erysodienone and naringenin docked with the target proteins AKT1,STAT3 and TP53,respectively,with low binding energy and high affinity.In addition,In vitro experiments demonstrated that HHML promoted the proliferation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells;compared with the control group,HHML-treated cells showed enhanced alkaline phosphatase staining,promoted the expression of OCN,RUNX2,BSP,and COL1 mRNAs as well as the expression of PI3K and AKT phosphorylated proteins.Secondly,the expression of target proteins revealed that HHML promoted the phosphorylation of STAT3 protein and inhibited the expression of P53.Conclusions:Our study investigated that HHML treatment with OP promotes bone formation possibly through activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and may involve STAT3 and TP53 target interactions.

植物质体基因工程调控元件研究进展

随着植物合成生物学的发展,质体逐渐成为许多具有商业价值的次生代谢产物和治疗性蛋白异源生产的理想平台。与核基因工程相比,质体基因工程在外源基因高效表达和生物安全性等方面具有其独特优势。然而,外源基因在质体系统中的组成型表达或对植物生长不利,因此需进一步挖掘、设计调控元件实现对外源基因的精准调控。本文概述了质体基因工程调控元件的研究进展,内容包括操纵子设计与优化思路、多基因共表达调控策略及新型表达调控元件的挖掘等,为植物合成生物学的发展提供参考。

Unveiling the spatial distribution and molecular mechanisms of terpenoid biosynthesis in Salvia miltiorrhiza and S. grandifolia using multi-omicsand DESI-MSI

Salvia miltiorrhiza and S.grandifolia are rich in diterpenoids and have therapeutic effects on cardiovascular diseases.In this study,the spatial distribution of diterpenoids in both species was analyzed by a combination of metabolomics and mass spectrometry imaging techniques.The results indicated that diterpenoids in S.miltiorrhiza were mainly abietane-type norditerpenoid quinones with a furan or dihydrofuran D-ring and were mainly distributed in the periderm of the roots,e.g.cryptotanshinone and tanshinone IIA.The compounds in S.grandifolia were mainly phenolic abietane-type tricyclic diterpenoids with six-or seven-membered C-rings,and were widely distributed in the periderm,phloem,and xylem of the roots,e.g.11-hydroxy-sugiol,11,20-dihydroxy-sugiol,and 11,20-dihydroxy-ferruginol.In addition,the leaves of S.grandifolia were rich in tanshinone biosynthesis precursors,such as 11-hydroxy-sugiol,while those of S.miltiorrhiza were rich in phenolic acids.Genes in the upstream pathway of tanshinone biosynthesis were highly expressed in the root of S.grandifolia,and genes in the downstream pathway were highly expressed in the root of S.miltiorrhiza.Here,we describe the specific tissue distributions and mechanisms of diterpenoids in two Salvia species,which will facilitate further investigations of the biosynthesis of diterpenoids in plant synthetic biology.

Surface Characterization and Tribology Behavior of PMMA Processed by Excimer Laser

Polyoxymethylene methacrylate (PMMA) is widely used in ophthalmic biomaterials. Misuse of PMMA in extreme environments is likely to damage the ocular surface and intraocular structures. The surface characterization and tribological behavior of PMMA processed using an excimer laser were investigated in this study by contrasting diferent lubrication conditions and friction cycles. The results show that the roughness of the material surface increases with laser processing, which changes its physical structure. Under lubrication, the laser-treated PMMA exhibits better hydrophilicity, especially during the use of eye drops. No obvious relationship exists between the laser-processing time and friction behavior. However, the laser treatment may contribute to the formation of friction and wear mechanisms of PMMA materials. Laser-treated PMMA in saline solution exhibits better abrasive resistance by showing a lower wear rate than that in eye drops, although it has a higher friction coefcient. In this study, the diferent friction stages in laser-treated PMMA were clarifed under two lubrication conditions. The wear rates of the laser-treated PMMA were found to decrease with the number of cycles, and the friction coefcient has a similar variation tendency. The wear behavior of the laser-treated PMMA is dominated by the main abrasive wear and secondary transferred flm formation. This study provides a theoretical basis for the development and application of ophthalmic biomaterials in complex environments by examining the material surface interface behavior and wear mechanism after laser processing using PMMA as the research matrix.

3D视频在医学教育中应用的范围综述

目的3D视频在医学教育中的应用方兴未艾。本研究旨在综述3D视频在医学教育中的应用以及对课程活动的影响,为未来该领域的研究提供参考。方法遵循Arksey和O'malley的范围综述指南,采用系统检索策略检索9个英文文献数据库,仅纳人原始文献。2名作者根据纳人排除标准独立筛选了所有文献,并对最终纳入的原始研究文献进行了分析。结果共检索到1302篇文献,最终纳入了23篇。从文献中获得的3个主题包括:在医学教育中使用3D视频的优势,使用3D视频对学生学业成绩和能力的影响,以及学生关于医学教育中使用3D视频的体验。结论在医学教育中使用3D视频得到了广大学生和教育工作者的支持。然而,3D视频在医学教育中的应用效果仍存在争议。医学教育工作者应结合课程特点、学生学习情况和现有教育资源合理使用。

Selective laser trabeculoplasty as adjunctive treatment for open-angle glaucoma vs following incisional glaucoma surgery in Chinese eyes

BACKGROUND Selective laser trabeculoplasty(SLT)is a relatively safe and effective therapy in lowering intraocular pressures(IOP)for glaucoma.AIM To study the long-term effects of SLT on IOP and number of glaucoma medications used in Chinese eyes.METHODS This is a retrospective study in which 75 eyes of 70 patients with open-angle glaucoma(OAG,n=36)and eyes with prior glaucoma surgery(PGS,n=39)were included.Changes in mean IOP and number of glaucoma medications used evaluated at 1 d,1 wk,1 mo,3 mo,6 mo,12 mo,and 36 mo after laser treatment.RESULTS All patients(33 male,37 female)were Chinese.The mean age was 44.34±16.14years.Mean pre-SLT IOP was 22.75±2.08 mmHg in OAG and 22.52±2.62 mmHg in PGS.Mean IOP was significantly reduced 1 d,1 wk,1 mo and 3 mo after laser treatment(P<0.05,respectively).Whereas,there were no significant differences between baseline and SLT treated groups at the 6th month both in OAG(P=0.347,P>0.05)and in PGS(P=0.309,P>0.05).Six months after SLT treatment,some patients received retreatment of SLT or were given more topical IOP-lowering medication to control the IOP.By the end of our study,the average IOP decreased to 20.73±1.82 mmHg in OAG and 20.49±1.53 mmHg in PGS groups.The number of glaucoma medications used was significantly reduced until the end of 3 years compared to baseline.CONCLUSION SLT could reduce IOP as adjunctive treatment both in OAG and PGS groups.SLT significantly reduced the number of glaucoma medications used 3-years following treatment in glaucoma patients.

Gene expression profile of Sox1,Sox2,p53,Bax and Nestin in neural stem cells and adult mouse brain tissues

Histone deacetylation is a key modulator involved in cell proliferation,apoptosis,and mRNA transcription.However,the effects of histone deacetylation on C17.2 neural stem cells(NSCs)remain unclear.Here,the histone deacetylase inhibitors nicotinamide and trichostatin A(TSA)were used to determine the role of histone deacetylation on gene transcription in NSCs.The results showed that the mRNA expression of p53,Sox1,Sox2,and Bax were significantly higher in E14.5 NSCs than in C17.2 NSCs.Nestin,a marker gene of neuronal differentiation,did not differ significantly between E14.5 NSCs and C17.2 NSCs.The transcription levels of p53 and Nestin were significantly higher in C17.2 NSCs than in differentiated brain tissues,and the expression of Bax,Sox1,and Sox2 was higher in the olfactory bulb than in other brain tissues.Nicotinamide and TSA treatment decreased the transcription of Sox2,p53,Nestin,and Bax in C17.2 NSCs,although the difference was statistically significant only for Sox2 and Nestin,Sox1 transcription was not detected.These results demonstrated that mRNA expression profiles differ between C17.2 NSCs,E14.5 NSCs,and adult mouse brain tissues,and HDAC inhibitors regulate gene expression by modulating histone acetylation.

Negative thermal expansion of Ca2RuO4 with oxygen vacancies

Oxygen vacancies have a profound effect on the magnetic,electronic,and transport properties of transition metal oxides but little is known about their effect on thermal expansion.Herein we report the effect of oxygen defects on the structure formation and thermal expansion properties of the layered perovskite Ca2RuO4(CRO).It is shown that the CRO containing excess oxygen crystallizes in a metallic L-CRO phase without structure transition from 100 K to 500 K and displays a normal thermal expansion behavior,whereas those with oxygen vacancies adopt at room temperature an insulating S-CRO phase and exhibit an enormous negative thermal expansion(NTE)from 100 K to about 360 K,from where they undergo a structure transition to a high temperature metallic L-CRO phase.Compared to the L-CRO containing excess oxygen,the S-CRO structure has increasingly large orthorhombic strain and distinctive in-plane distortion upon cooling.The in-plane distortion of the RuO6 octahedra reaches a maximum across 260 K and then relaxes monotonically,providing a structure evidence for the appearance of an antiferromagnetic orbital ordering in the paramagnetic phase and the A_g phonon mode suppression and phase flip across the same temperature found recently.Both the L-and S-CRO display an antiferromagnetic ordering at about 150-110 K,with ferromagnetic ordering components at lower temperature.The NTE in S-CRO is a result of a complex interplay among the spin,orbital,and lattice.

A Safe and Reliable Routing Mechanism of LEO Satellite Based on SDN

Satellite networks have high requirements for security and data processing speed.In order to improve the reliability of the network,software-defined network(SDN)technology is introduced and a central controller is set in the network.Due to the characteristics of global perspective,control data separation,and centralized control of SDN,the idea of SDN is introduced to the design of the satellite network model.As a result,satellite nodes are only responsible for data transmission,while the maintenance of the links and the calculation of routes are implemented by the controller.For the massive LEO satellite network based on SDN,a state evaluation decision routing mechanism is proposed.The designed mechanism monitors the status of the entire network effectively and reduces the on-board load on the satellite network.The best routing decision is made under the comprehensive consideration of the current and historical status of each inter-satellite link between Low Earth Orbit(LEO)satellite network nodes.The calculation and storage requirements are controlled within a reasonable range.Based on the curve parameter transmission fuzzy encryption algorithm,a safe and reliable condition assessment decision routing mechanism(CADRM)is designed.It ensures that the personal information of the LEO satellite network can be transmitted safely and effectively.The experimental simulation results show the improvement of network throughput,the reduction of packet loss rate and the enhancing of network reliability.

Expression and clinical significance of CD90 and CD177 tumor stem cell markers in cervical cancer

Objective To investigate the expression and clinical significance of CD90 and CD177 in cervical cancer. Methods Cases of cervical cancer (n = 102), cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN, n = 52), and benign uterine disease (n = 50) were selected. The positive rates of CD90 and CD177 in the cervical tissues were detected, and the significance of CD90 and CD177 expression was analyzed. Results The positive rate of CD90 in normal cervical tissue, CIN, and cervical cancer was 3.7%, 36.5%, and 79.4% respectively. The respective positive rates of CD177 were 1.8%, 32.7%, and 74.5%. The positive rates of CD90 and CD177 in cervical cancer tissues were the highest, followed by CIN tissues (P < 0.05). Multivariate analysis showed that pathological grade, lymph node metastasis, and tumor diameter were independent risk factors affecting the expression of CD90 and CD177 (each P < 0.05). There was a moderate positive correlation between CD90 and CD177 expression (r = 0.679, P = 0.003). The overall survival rate of 102 patients with cervical cancer was 64.7%. There were 33 deaths in the CD90 positive group and 3 in the negative group. The overall survival rates were 59.3% and 85.7% in the CD90 and negative group, respectively. There were 33 deaths in the CD177 positive group and 3 in the negative group. The overall survival rates were 56.6% and 88.5%, respectively. The difference was statistically significant. Conclusion The expression of CD90 and CD177 has some adverse effects on the clinicopathological parameters of cervical cancer. The positive expression of CD90 and CD177 is a risk factor for poor prognosis.

High-precision chaotic radial basis function neural network model:Data forecasting for the Earth electromagnetic signal before a strong earthquake

The Earth’s natural pulse electromagnetic field data consists typically of an underlying variation tendency of intensity and irregularities.The change tendency may be related to the occurrence of earthquake disasters.Forecasting of the underlying intensity trend plays an important role in the analysis of data and disaster monitoring.Combining chaos theory and the radial basis function neural network,this paper proposes a forecasting model of the chaotic radial basis function neural network to conduct underlying intensity trend forecasting by the Earth’s natural pulse electromagnetic field signal.The main strategy of this forecasting model is to obtain parameters as the basis for optimizing the radial basis function neural network and to forecast the reconstructed Earth’s natural pulse electromagnetic field data.In verification experiments,we employ the 3 and 6 days’data of two channels as training samples to forecast the 14 and 21-day Earth’s natural pulse electromagnetic field data respectively.According to the forecasting results and absolute error results,the chaotic radial basis function forecasting model can fit the fluctuation trend of the actual signal strength,effectively reduce the forecasting error compared with the traditional radial basis function model.Hence,this network may be useful for studying the characteristics of the Earth’s natural pulse electromagnetic field signal before a strong earthquake and we hope it can contribute to the electromagnetic anomaly monitoring before the earthquake.

Near-zero thermal expansion inβ-CuZnV_(2)O_(7)in a large temperature range

We report a new type of near-zero thermal expansion materialβ-CuZnV_(2)O_(7)in a large temperature range from 173 K to 673 K.It belongs to a monoclinic structure(C2/c space group)in the whole temperature range.No structural phase transition is observed at atmospheric pressure based on the x-ray diffraction and Raman experiment.The high-pressure Raman experiment demonstrates that two structural phase transitions exist at 0.94 GPa and 6.53 GPa,respectively.The mechanism of negative thermal expansion inβ-CuZnV_(2)O_(7)is interpreted by the variations of the angles between atoms intuitively and the phonon anharmonicity intrinsically resorting to the negative Grüneisen parameter.

Structural evolution and bandgap modulation of layeredβ-GeSe_(2)single crystal under high pressure

Germanium diselenide(GeSe_(2))is a promising candidate for electronic devices because of its unique crystal structure and optoelectronic properties.However,the evolution of lattice and electronic structure ofβ-GeSe_(2)at high pressure is still uncertain.Here we prepared high-qualityβ-GeSe_(2)single crystals by chemical vapor transfer(CVT)technique and performed systematic experimental studies on the evolution of lattice structure and bandgap ofβ-GeSe_(2)under pressure.High-precision high-pressure ultra low frequency(ULF)Raman scattering and synchrotron angle-dispersive x-ray diffraction(ADXRD)measurements support that no structural phase transition exists under high pressure up to 13.80 GPa,but the structure ofβ-GeSe_(2)turns into a disordered state near 6.91 GPa and gradually becomes amorphous forming an irreversibly amorphous crystal at 13.80 GPa.Two Raman modes keep softening abnormally upon pressure.The bandgap ofβ-GeSe_(2)reduced linearly from 2.59 eV to 1.65 eV under pressure with a detectable narrowing of 36.5%,and the sample under pressure performs the piezochromism phenomenon.The bandgap after decompression is smaller than that in the atmospheric pressure environment,which is caused by incomplete recrystallization.These results enrich the insight into the structural and optical properties ofβ-GeSe_(2)and demonstrate the potential of pressure in modulating the material properties of two-dimensional(2D)Ge-based binary material.

The characterization of transmembrane protein 59-like(TMEM59L)reveals its role in the regulating the level of the GDI protein family

The characterization and functions of transmembrane protein 59-like(TMEM59L),a type I transmembrane protein,are not clearly understood until now.Some TMEM59L and fluorescent fusion proteins constructs were transfected in cell lines and liposomes,and their localization was observed.The effects of protein constructs were studied by fluorescence microscopy and western blotting.This study reports a novel function of human TMEM59L(hTMEM59L)related to the expression and location of some proteins.In addition,we report two novel splice variants of human TMEM59L(hTMEM59L).The localization of mutants of this protein,lacking a middle region,and a Cterminal deletion,markedly differed from that of full-length hTMEM59L.Intracellular movement assessment in living cells showed the localization of TMEM59L to vesicular structures in the Golgi bodies,and the cell membrane was observed in living cells.Overexpression of TMEM59L markedly increased the level of amyloid precursor protein because of TMEM59L-mediated inhibition of cell membrane transport but did not affect the expression of betasecretase 2.TMEM59L overexpression also significantly increased the levels of Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor alpha and Rab GDP dissociation inhibitor beta proteins.These results suggest that TMEM59L is involved in the packaging of acidic vesicles and thereby functions in the trafficking and processing of intracellular proteins.

Detection of new antibiotic resistance gene profile in Escherichia coliassociated with avian leukosis virus infection from broiler chickens

The Escherichia coli(E.coli)is prevailing worldwide,but the epidemiology of E.coli infections feature regional distribution characteristics to some extent.E.coli,as a zoonotic pathogen,can be transferred from animals to humans through food chain or via contact with wounds,causing a public health risk.We reported the swelling of proventriculus and tracheal bleeding following the death in two broiler chickens(Gallus gallus domesticus)from Beijing,China.To investigate whether a virus was involved in the infection,Madin Darby Bovine Kidney(MDCK)cells were co-cultured with supernatants of proventriculus,trachea and spleen homogenates.The avian leucosis virus was detected in the samples of proventriculus and trachea,but the avian influenza virus,the Newcastle disease virus and the avian infectious laryngotracheitis virus were not detected.E.coli isolates were resistant to almost all the antimicrobial as tested except for the combinations of amoxicillin/clavulanic acid and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim.PCR tests demonstrated the presence of antibiotic resistance genes in these E.coli isolates and further research revealed a novel gene profile with the presence of CTX-M-1,gyrA,gyrB,oqxA,oqxB,parC and Sul2 antibiotic resistance genes in a strain isolated from a proventriculus sample.These results demonstrated that the presence of antibiotic resistant E.coli would not necessarily cause outbreak of large-scale disease.However,when the bacteria carrying new antibiotic resistance genes enter the environment,it may result in the development of more virulent strains which will potentially impact human and animal health.

Game-Oriented Security Strategy Against Hotspot Attacks for Internet of Vehicles

With the rapid development of mobile communication technology,the application of internet of vehicles(IoV)services,such as for information services,driving safety,and traffic efficiency,is growing constantly.For businesses with low transmission delay,high data processing capacity and large storage capacity,by deploying edge computing in the IoV,data processing,encryption and decision-making can be completed at the local end,thus providing real-time and highly reliable communication capability.The roadside unit(RSU),as an important part of edge computing in the IoV,fulfils an important data forwarding function and provides an interactive communication channel for vehicles and server providers.Additional computing resources can be configured to accommodate the computing requirements of users.In this study,a virtual traffic defense strategy based on a differential game is proposed to solve the security problem of user-sensitive information leakage when an RSU is attacked.An incentive mechanism encourages service vehicles within the hot range to send virtual traffic to another RSU.By attracting the attention of attackers,it covers the target RSU and protects the system from attack.Simulation results show that the scheme provides the optimal strategy for intelligent vehicles to transmit virtual data,and ensures the maximization of users’interests.

Software-Defined Space-Air-Ground Integrated Network Architecture with the Multi-Layer Satellite Backbone Network

Under the background of the rapid development of ground mobile communication,the advantages of high coverage,survivability,and flexibility of satellite communication provide air support to the construction of space information network.According to the requirements of the future space information communication,a software-defined Space-Air-Ground Integrated network architecture was proposed.It consisted of layered structure satellite backbone network,deep space communication network,the stratosphere communication network and the ground network.The Space-Air-Ground Integrated network was supported by the satellite backbone network.It provided data relay for the missions such as deep space exploration and controlled the deep-space spacecraft when needed.In addition,it safeguarded the anti-destructibility of stratospheric communication and assisted the stratosphere to supplement ground network communication.In this paper,algorithm requirements of the congestion control and routing of satellite backbone protocols for heterogeneous users’services were proposed.The algorithm requirements of distinguishing different service objects for the deep space communication and stratospheric communication network protocols were described.Considering the realistic demand for the dynamic coverage of the satellite backbone network and node cost,the multi-layer satellite backbone network architecture was constructed.On this basis,the proposed Software-defined Space-Air-Ground Integrated network architecture could be built as a large,scalable and efficient communication network that could be integrated into space,air,and ground.

Effects of W^(6+) occupying Sc^(3+) on the structure, vibration, and thermal expansion properties of scandium tungstate

We experimentally investigate effects of W^(6+)occupying the sites of Sc^(3+)in the unit cell of Sc_(2) W_(3) O_(12)(Sc_(8) W_(12) O_(48))on the structure, vibration and thermal expansion. The composition and structure of the doped sample(Sc_(6) W_(2))W_(12) O_(48±δ)(with two W^(6+)occupying two sites of Sc^(3+)in the unit cell of Sc_(8) W_(12) O_(48)) are analyzed and identified by combining the x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and the synchronous x-ray diffraction with first-principles calculations based on density functional theory. Results show that the crystal with even W^(6+)occupying even Sc^(3+)in the unit cell is stable and maintains the orthorhombic structure at room temperature. The structure of the doped sample is similar to that of Sc_(2) W_(3) O_(12), and with even W occupying even positions of Sc in the unit cell and constituting the WO_(6) octahedra. Raman analyses show that the doped sample possesses stronger W–O bonds and wider Raman linewidths than those of Sc_(2) W_(3) O_(12). The sample doped with W also exhibits intrinsic negative thermal expansion in the measured range of 150 K–650 K.

Generating routes for autonomous driving in vehicle-to-infrastructure communications

The study of vehicular networks has attracted considerable interest in academia and the industry.In the broad area,connected vehicles and autonomous driving are technologies based on wireless data communication between vehicles or between vehicles and infrastructures.A Vehicle-to-Infrastructure(V2I)system consists of communications and computing over vehicles and related infrastructures.In such a system,wireless sensors are installed in some selected points along roads or driving areas.In autonomous driving,it is crucial for a vehicle to figure out the ideal routes by the communications between its equipped sensors and infrastructures then the vehicle is automatically moving along the routes.In this paper,we propose a Bezier curve based recursive algorithm,which effectively creates routes for vehicles through the communication between the On-Board Unit(OBU)and the Road-Side Units(RSUs).In addition,this approach generates a very low overhead.We conduct simulations to test the proposed algorithm in various situations.The experiment results demonstrate that our algorithm creates almost ideal routes.

The Ultrastructure Characteristics of Secretory Cavities Associated with the Secretory Products of <i>Ginkgo biloba</i>

The origin, development and ultrastructure of secretory cavities in leaf of Ginkgo biloba and its relation to the secretory products were studied by optical and electron microscope. The results indicated that the formation pattern of the secretory cavities was schizo-lysigenous in nature. First, some original central secretory cells in the center of secretory cavities expanded, dissolved then moved aside schizogeneously forming an intercellular space. Later the central and peripheral secretory cells continued to dissolve making the intercellular space larger. This process continued until the central secretory cells degenerated, autolyzed and separated off into cavities. It has been assumed that the secretory products in the secretory cavities of Ginkgo biloba were synthesized mainly in the plastids and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). However it was our observation that the Mitochondrion, Golgi Body and Cytoplasm were also involved in the synthesis and translocation of the secretions. After synthesized in ER and plastids, the secretory products approached the plasmalemma and fused their membranes with the latter in the form of samll vesicles, and then was eliminated to the spaces between the plasmalemma and the wall. At last the secretory products percolated through the wall that faded into an even looser mesh of fibrillar material toward the cavity.