Effect of ChREBP on carbohydrate feeding regulation in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi

Carnivorous fish have poor tolerance to carbohydrate in feed and low utilization rate of carbohydrate.Therefore,the balance of carbohydrate and lipids in the nutrient metabolism of carnivorous fish,the ef fective conversion and utilization of carbohydrate and lipids,and the feedback regulation of feeding are the key links for the e fficient utilization of carnivorous fish feed.Carbohydrate response element binding protein(ChREBP)is a new transcription factor found in recent years in the glucose signaling pathway,and can also participate in feeding regulation.We performed in-vivo and in-vitro experiments to reveal the role of ChREBP in the glucose metabolism and feeding in mandarin fish.The mRNA expression of ChREBP and appetite regulatory factors were measured after intraperitoneal injection of glucose in mandarin fish Siniperca chuatsi and cotransfection with glucose and glucose+siRNA in the hypothalamic cells in mandarin fish.The results reveal that at hour 2 and 4 post intraperitoneal injection with 1 mg/g BW glucose,the blood glucose level of the mandarin fish increased significantly,but food intake decreased significantly,and it also displayed a significantly increased ChREBP mRNA expression levels in liver.At hour 4 post injection,hypothalamic ChREBP mRNA level was significantly increased,whereas the mRNA expression levels of appetite genes neuropeptide Y(npy)and agouti-related peptide(AgRP)were decreased significantly.When the glucose concentration was 40 mmol/L,the expression level of ChREBP mRNA in mandarin fish hypothalamic cells was significantly up-regulated,but the expression level of appetite gene npy mRNA was down-regulated.When siRNA and glucose were co-transfected into mandarin fish brain cells,the expression level of chrebp mRNA was significantly decreased,and the appetite gene npy mRNA was significantly increased.The results indicated that glucose regulated food intake through the modulation of appetite gene npy by ChREBP.

Nb2C MXene-Functionalized Scaffolds Enables Osteosarcoma Phototherapy and Angiogenesis/Osteogenesis of Bone Defects

Early surgical resection and chemotherapy of bone cancer are commonly used in the treatment of bone tumor,but it is still highly challenging to prevent recurrence and fill the bone defect caused by the resection site.In this work,we report a rational integration of photonic-responsive two-dimensional(2D)ultrathin niobium carbide(Nb2C)MXene nanosheets(NSs)into the 3D-printed bone-mimetic scaffolds(NBGS)for osteosarcoma treatment.The integrated 2D Nb2C-MXene NSs feature specific photonic response in the second near-infrared(NIR-II)biowindow with high tissue-penetrating depth,making it highly efficient in killing bone cancer cells.Importantly,Nb-based species released by the biodegradation of Nb2C MXene can obviously promote the neogenesis and migration of blood vessels in the defect site,which can transport more oxygen,vitamins and energy around the bone defect for the reparative process,and gather more immune cells around the defect site to accelerate the degradation of NBGS.The degradation of NBGS provides sufficient space for the bone remodeling.Besides,calcium and phosphate released during the degradation of the scaffold can promote the mineralization of new bone tissue.The intrinsic multifunctionality of killing bone tumor cell and promoting angiogenesis and bone regeneration makes the engineered Nb2C MXeneintegrated composite scaffolds a distinctive implanting biomaterial on the efficient treatment of bone tumor.

Exosomes-the enigmatic regulators of bone homeostasis

Exosomes are a heterogeneous group of cell-derived membranous structures, which mediate crosstalk interaction between cells.Recent studies have revealed a close relationship between exosomes and bone homeostasis. It is suggested that bone cells can spontaneously secret exosomes containing proteins, lipids and nucleic acids, which then to regulate osteoclastogenesis and osteogenesis. However, the network of regulatory activities of exosomes in bone homeostasis as well as their therapeutic potential in bone injury remain largely unknown. This review will detail and discuss the characteristics of exosomes, the regulatory activities of exosomes in bone homeostasis as well as the clinical potential of exosomes in bone injury.

Correction to:Nb2C MXene‑Functionalized Scaffolds Enables Osteosarcoma Phototherapy and Angiogenesis/Osteogenesis of Bone Defects

The original version of this article unfortunately contain some mistakes in figure.The authors found that the curves in Fig.1f,g were missing.The corrected version of Fig.1 is given below:Fig.1 Fabrication and characterization of ultrathin 2D Nb2C MXene NSs.a,b SEM images of Nb2AlC ceramics with corresponding element mapping(Nb,Al and C).c,d SEM images of multilayered Nb2C MXene and the corresponding element mapping(Nb,Al and C).

New Plant Growth Regulator Emistim C AS used on Watermelon in Field Evaluation

Most plant growth regulators available are synthesized and tend to be dangerous if used inappropriately. Emistim CAS is a natural plant growth regulator, with less side-effect. The research performed an assessment on Emistim CAS application in watermelon cultivation in a greenhouse. The results showed that 0.11% Emistim CAS increased reducing sugar by 15.49%, soluble solid by 13.7%, Vc content by 3.72%, titratable acid by 18.1%, and yield per hectare by 18.01%, so that watermelon quality and yield were both improved. Emistim CAS can be widely promoted in watermelon cultivation in future.

Mitochondrial dysfunction:mechanisms and advances in therapy

Mitochondria,with their intricate networks of functions and information processing,are pivotal in both health regulation and disease progression.Particularly,mitochondrial dysfunctions are identified in many common pathologies,including cardiovascular diseases,neurodegeneration,metabolic syndrome,and cancer.However,the multifaceted nature and elusive phenotypic threshold of mitochondrial dysfunction complicate our understanding of their contributions to diseases.Nonetheless,these complexities do not prevent mitochondria from being among the most important therapeutic targets.In recent years,strategies targeting mitochondrial dysfunction have continuously emerged and transitioned to clinical trials.Advanced intervention such as using healthy mitochondria to replenish or replace damaged mitochondria,has shown promise in preclinical trials of various diseases.Mitochondrial components,including mtDNA,mitochondria-located microRNA,and associated proteins can be potential therapeutic agents to augment mitochondrial function in immunometabolic diseases and tissue injuries.Here,we review current knowledge of mitochondrial pathophysiology in concrete examples of common diseases.We also summarize current strategies to treat mitochondrial dysfunction from the perspective of dietary supplements and targeted therapies,as well as the clinical translational situation of related pharmacology agents.Finally,this review discusses the innovations and potential applications of mitochondrial transplantation as an advanced and promising treatment.

Mitochondrial heterogeneity in diseases

As key organelles involved in cellular metabolism,mitochondria frequently undergo adaptive changes in morphology,components and functions in response to various environmental stresses and cellular demands.Previous studies of mitochondria research have gradually evolved,from focusing on morphological change analysis to systematic multiomics,thereby revealing the mitochondrial variation between cells or within the mitochondrial population within a single cell.The phenomenon of mitochondrial variation features is defined as mitochondrial heterogeneity.Moreover,mitochondrial heterogeneity has been reported to influence a variety of physiological processes,including tissue homeostasis,tissue repair,immunoregulation,and tumor progression.Here,we comprehensively review the mitochondrial heterogeneity in different tissues under pathological states,involving variant features of mitochondrial DNA,RNA,protein and lipid components.Then,the mechanisms that contribute to mitochondrial heterogeneity are also summarized,such as the mutation of the mitochondrial genome and the import of mitochondrial proteins that result in the heterogeneity of mitochondrial DNA and protein components.Additionally,multiple perspectives are investigated to better comprehend the mysteries of mitochondrial heterogeneity between cells.Finally,we summarize the prospective mitochondrial heterogeneity-targeting therapies in terms of alleviating mitochondrial oxidative damage,reducing mitochondrial carbon stress and enhancing mitochondrial biogenesis to relieve various pathological conditions.The possibility of recent technological advances in targeted mitochondrial gene editing is also discussed.

Intercellular mitochondrial transfer as a means of tissue revitalization

As the crucial powerhouse for cell metabolism and tissue survival,the mitochondrion frequently undergoes morphological or positional changes when responding to various stresses and energy demands.In addition to intracellular changes,mitochondria can also be transferred intercellularly.Besides restoring stressed cells and damaged tissues due to mitochondrial dysfunction,the intercellular mitochondrial transfer also occurs under physiological conditions.In this review,the phenomenon of mitochondrial transfer is described according to its function under both physiological and pathological conditions,including tissue homeostasis,damaged tissue repair,tumor progression,and immunoregulation.Then,the mechanisms that contribute to this process are summarized,such as the trigger factors and transfer routes.Furthermore,various perspectives are explored to better understand the mysteries of cell-cell mitochondrial trafficking.In addition,potential therapeutic strategies for mitochondria-targeted application to rescue tissue damage and degeneration,as well as the inhibition of tumor progression,are discussed.

Anisotropic, biomorphic cellular Si_(3)N_(4) ceramics with directional well-aligned nanowhisker arrays based on wood-mimetic architectures

Inspired by the transport behavior of water and ions through the aligned channels in trees,we demonstrate a facile,scalable approach for constructing biomorphic cellular Si_(3)N_(4) ceramic frameworks with well-aligned nanowhisker arrays on the surface of directionally aligned microchannel alignments.Through a facile Y(NO_(3))_(3) solution infiltration into wood-derived carbon preforms and subsequent heat treatment,we can faultlessly duplicate the anisotropic wood architectures into free-standing bulk porous Si_(3)N_(4) ceramics.Firstly,α-Si3N4 microchannels were synthesized on the surface of CB-templates via carbothermal reduction nitridation(CRN).And then,homogeneous distributed Y–Si–O–N liquid phase on the walls of microchannel facilitated the anisotropicβ-Si3N4 grain growth to form nanowhisker arrays.The dense aligned microchannels with low-tortuosity enable excellent load carrying capacity and thermal conduction through the entire materials.As a result,the porous Si_(3)N_(4) ceramics exhibited an outstanding thermal conductivity(TC,k_(R)≈6.26 W·m^(−1)·K^(−1)),a superior flexural strength(σ_(L)≈29.4 MPa),and a relative high anisotropic ratio of TC(k_(R)/k_(L)=4.1).The orientation dependence of the microstructure–property relations may offer a promising perspective for the fabrication of multifunctional ceramics.

Growth,crystalline quality and transition variation of ternary Pb(In_(1/2)Nb_(1/2))O_(3)-Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-PbTiO_(3) ferroelectric crystals

Bulk crystals of high Curie temperature(T_(C))24Pb(In_(1/2(Nb_(1/2))O_(3)-43Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))O_(3)-33PbTiO_(3)(24PIN-43PMN-33PT)with 55 mm in diameter and 130mm in length were reproducibly grown by the bottom-seeded Bridgman method.The X-ray diffraction(XRD)spectrum indicated that the as-grown crystal was a single phase with rthombohedral structure at room temperature,the domain morphology and the phase transition sequence of R→T→C were observed,the full width at half maximum(FWHM)of X-ray rocking curve of(002)face was about 0.77°,and the defect density was inferred to 2.56×10^(10)cm^(-2).The measured density of the as-grown crystals was very close to the theoretical one.Variation of the transition temperature of the as-grown crystals along the growth direction revealed that T_(C) increased linearly along the growth direction and rthombohedral to tetrahedral phase transition temperature(T_(RT))gradually decreased in the middle part of the ingot.

THE HYDROSTATIC PIEZOELECTRICITY OF RELAXOR-PbTiO_(3)FERROELECTRIC CERAMICS AND CRYSTALS

The hydrostatic piezoelectricity of Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))-αPbTiO_(3)(PMN-εPT)ceramics and PMN-0.32PT and Pb(Mg_(1/3)Nb_(2/3))-Pb(In_(1/2)Nb_(1/2))=PbTiO_(3)(PMN-PIN-PT)crystals wereinvestigated through a quasi-static method.The results showed that pressure-induced depolar-ization occurred in PMN-εPT ceramics when pressure was above about 50 MPa,while there wasno obvious pressure-induced depolarization for PMN-0.32PT and PMN-PIN-PT crystals inthe whole pressure range(0~530 MPa).The hydrostatic piezoelectric coeficient dh of PMN-0.32PT and PMN-PIN-PT crystals was nearly independent of pressure.The d_(h)of mono-domain orthorhombic and tetragonal phase crystals is slightly larger,on the order of 100 pC/N.In addition,the relationship between the hydrostatic piezoelectric coeficient d_(h)and the longit udinal and transverse piezoelectric coefficients d_(33)and d_(31)for different crystal systems was summarized.