日粮添加乳酸菌复合物或乳酸菌、枯草芽孢杆菌(BacillussubtiLis)、酵母(SaccharomycesbouLardii)混合物对断奶仔猪生长、消化、肠道环境和健康的影响

本实验考察了基础对照组日粮（C）或添加乳酸菌、芽孢杆菌、酵母的日粮（L,LB,LBS）对断奶仔猪（26～28日龄）生长、消化、肠道环境和健康的影响.实验组日粮L在基础日粮基础上添加乳酸菌复合物LAB[包括：肠球菌6H2（Enterococcus faecium）,嗜酸乳杆菌C3（Lactobacillus acidophilus）,戊糖片球菌D7（Pediococcus pentosaceus）,发酵乳杆菌NC1（L.fermentum）].实验组日粮LB在基础日粮基础上添加乳酸菌复合物LAB和枯草芽孢杆菌H4（Bacillus subtilis）,实验组日粮LBS在基础日粮基础上添加乳酸菌复合物LAB、枯草芽孢杆菌H4和酵母Sb（Saccharomyces boulardii）.实验结果表明,相比对照组C,摄食实验组L、LB、LBS组日粮的仔猪采食量和日增重较高,饲料转化效率较低,回肠和总消化道营养物质的消化率较高,且降低了仔猪腹泻的发病率,同时粪便得分值低（P＜0.01）.仔猪摄食L、LB、LBS组的日粮促进了肠道乳酸菌菌群增殖和有机酸的生成,同时降低了肠道大肠杆菌数量.相比实验组L,实验组LBS仔猪对营养物质的消化率增加较实验组L或LB而言,实验组LBS仔猪的腹泻概率较小,粪便得分值较低.本实验条件下,在越南地区,日粮添加乳酸菌复合物起到益生菌的作用,有利于促进断奶仔猪的健康.

Fiber effects in nutrition and gut health in pigs

Dietary fiber is associated with impaired nutrient utilization and reduced net energy values. However, fiber has to be included in the diet to maintain normal physiological functions in the digestive tract. Moreover, the negative impact of dietary fiber will be determined by the fiber properties and may differ considerably between fiber sources. Various techniques can be applied to enhance nutritional value and utilization of available feed resources. In addition, the extent of fiber utilization is affected by the age of the pig and the pig breed. The use of potential prebiotic effects of dietary fiber is an attractive way to stimulate gut health and thereby minimize the use of anti-microbial growth promoters. Inclusion of soluble non-starch polysaccharides （NSP） in the diet can stimulate the growth of commensal gut microbes, inclusion of NSP from chicory results in changes in gut micro-environment and gut morphology of pigs, while growth performance remains unaffected and digestibility was only marginally reduced. The fermentation products and pH in digesta responded to diet type and were correlated with shifts in the microbiota. Interestingly, fiber intake will have an impact on the expression of intestinal epithelial heat-shock proteins in the pig. Heat-shock proteins have an important physiological role in the gut and carry out crucial housekeeping functions in order to maintain the mucosal barrier integrity. Thus, there are increasing evidence showing that fiber can have prebiotic effects in pigs due to interactions with the gut micro-environment and the gut associated immune system.

Chicory(Cichorium intybus L.) and cereals differently affect gut development in broiler chickens and young pigs

Dietary fiber, resistant to host-mediated digestion in the small intestine due to lack of endogenous enzymes, impacts many facets of animal health and is associated with gut development especially in young monogastrics. Furthermore, it can be used as in-feed antibiotic alternative. Chicory （Cichorium intybus L.） forage with high content of pectin （uronic acids as building blocks） is a novel class of dietary fiber that is chemically different from cereal grains （with high content of arabinoxylans）. In the present study, we investigated effects of dietary inclusion of chicory forage on digestibility, gut morphology and microbiota in broilers and young pigs. In the chicken experiment, 160 1-d old broiler chicks were fed 3 nutritionally balanced diets for 30 d including a cereal-based diet and 2 diets with part of the cereals substituted with 60 and 120 g/k9 chicory forage （CF60 and CF120], whereas in the pig experiment, 18 seven-wk old Yorkshire pigs were fed 3 diets for 18 d including a cereal-based diet and 2 diets with 80 and 160 g/kg chicory forage inclusion （CF80 and CF160）. Our results showed that young pigs were capable to utilize chicory forage well with higher total tract apparent digestibility （TTAD） of all fiber fractions, particularly uronic acid, compared with the control （P 〈 0.01）. In contrast, a decreased TTAD of all fiber fractions was observed in chickens fed on diet CF120 （P 〈 0.05）. Moreover, diet induced changes in gut morphology were observed in the large intestine of chickens. The alteration of cecal mucosal thickness was further positively correlated with TTAD of non-starch polysaccharides （NSP） and its constituent sugars （P 〈 0.05）. In addition, in pigs, terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism （T-RFLP） analysis of intestinal microbiota revealed substantial dietary effects （cereal control diet vs. chicory forage inclusion） on the relative abundance of 2 dominant bacterial phylotypes （Prevotella sp. vs. Roseburia sp.） respectively （P 〈 0.05）. In conclusion, our data showed that chicory forage （Cichorium intybus L.）, a novel dietary fiber source in animal nutrition, have potential beneficial properties as fiber ingredient in diets for both pigs and chickens.

纤维对猪的营养和肠道健康的影响

日粮纤维会影响营养物质的利用,降低饲料的净能值。然而,日粮中必须加入纤维,以维持动物消化道正常的生理学功能。此外,日粮纤维的不良作用可以根据纤维的特性进行测定,且会因纤维源的不同而不同。多种技术可用于提高现有饲料资源的营养价值和利用。另外,日粮纤维的利用范围受猪的年龄和品种的影响。利用日粮纤维的潜在益生元效应是一种有应用前景的方法,可以提高动物胃肠道的功能,因此可以尽量减少抗生素生长促进剂的使用。在日粮中添加可溶性非淀粉多糖(Soluble Non-Starch Polysaccharides,NSP)能够促进动物肠道共生菌的生长。在日粮中添加来自菊苣的NSP,会改变猪肠道微环境和肠道形态,同时生长性能保持不变,消化率仅有微小的下降。食糜中的发酵产物和pH会对日粮的类型做出良好的反应,并且会改变肠道菌群组成。有趣的是,纤维的摄入量会影响肠道上皮细胞热应激蛋白的表达。热应激蛋白在肠道中具有重要的生理学作用,能够完成重要的家务管理功能(housekeeping function),以维持肠道屏障的完整性。因此,越来越多的证据表明,日粮纤维因能与肠道微环境以及与免疫系统有关的肠道发生相互作用而可能具有益生元的作用。

Fecal microbiome of growing pigs fed a cereal based diet including chicory(Cichorium intybus L.) or ribwort(Plantago lanceolata L.) forage

Background： The purpose of this study was to investigate how inclusion of chicory forage or ribwort forage in a cereal-based diet influenced the fecal microbial community（microbiome） in newly weaned（35 days of age） piglets.The piglets were fed a cereal-based diet without（B） and with inclusion（80 and 160 g/kg air-dry forage） of vegetative shoots of chicory（C） and leaves of ribwort（R） forage in a 35-day growth trial. Fecal samples were collected at the start（D0）, 17（D17） and 35（D35） days after weaning and profiles of the microbial consortia were generated using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism（T-RFLP）. 454-FLX pyrosequencing of 16 S r RNA gene amplicons was used to analyze the microbial composition in a subset of the samples already analyzed with T-RFLP.Results： The microbial clustering pattern was primarily dependent on age of the pigs, but diet effects could also be observed. Lactobacilli and enterobacteria were more abundant at D0, whereas the genera Streptococcus, Treponema,Clostridium, Clostridiaceae1 and Coprococcus were present in higher abundances at D35. Pigs fed ribwort had an increased abundance of sequences classified as Treponema and a reduction in lactobacilli. However, the abundance of Prevotellaceae increased with age in on both the chicory and the ribwort diet. Moreover, there were significant correlations between the abundance of Bacteroides and the digested amount of galactose, uronic acids and total non-starch polysaccharides, and between the abundance of Bacteroidales and the digested amount of xylose.Conclusion： This study demonstrated that both chicory and ribwort inclusion in the diet of newly weaned pigs influenced the composition of the fecal microbiota and that digestion of specific dietary components was correlated with species composition of the microbiota. Moreover, this study showed that the gut will be exposed to a dramatic shift in the microbial community structure several weeks after weaning.

不同乳酸菌复合物对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道环境的影响

选择12窝共96头断奶仔猪(21d～23d)分为4组,随机饲喂4种日粮,对照日粮和三种添加了600mg/kg不同乳酸菌的日粮,进行35d生长试验。在0～2周,日粮中添加乳酸菌的仔猪采食量、日增重和饲料转化率都显著高于对照组。3～5周各组之间生长性能差异不显著。在14d和35d,日粮中添加乳酸菌的仔猪回肠和结肠中乳酸和乙酸的含量显著高于对照组仔猪(P<0.05),回肠中丙酸的含量在35d时显著高于对照组仔猪(P<0.05)。不同乳酸菌处理之间没有差异(P>0.05)。