Why Practice Makes Perfect Sense: the Past, Present and Potential Future of the PPP Paradigm in Language Teacher Education

(接上期)Context 3:EFL and ESOL learners at lower levels of achievement The third context relates largely to my own teaching in the adult EFL and ESC OL sectors in the UK,where I make use of PPP with classes of learners that tend towards the following characteristics:1.low levels of overall language proficiency;2.low language learning aptitude;3.low levels of literacy;4.low levels of learner autonomy;5.limited experience of formal classroom study;6.specific educational needs.

WHY PRACTICE MAKES PERFECT SENSE:THE PAST,PRESENT AND POTENTIAL FUTURE OF THE PPP PARADIGM IN LANGUAGE TEACHER EDUCATION

Introduction Among,the many lesson planning paradigms usedin English language teacher education over the last 40 years,PPP has proven to be one of the mostpopular and most durable(see Figure 1)despite regular criticism in literature emanating from the Anglophone,centre,of ELT theory.After presenting a brief history of the paradigm andoutlining the main criticisms directed at PPP,especially in the 1990s,I discuss some important rescarch findings from SLA studics sincc the turn of the century that lend support to PPP-typelesson structures.

Multi-Institutional US Experience of the Occlutech AFR Device in Congenital and Acquired Heart Disease

Objectives:To detail the US multi-institutional experience with the Occlutech©(Occlutech International AB,Helsingborg,Sweden)atrial flow regulator(AFR)in children and adults with acquired or congenital heart disease.Background:The creation of a long-term atrial communication is desirable in several cardiovascular disease phenotypes,most notably pulmonary arterial hypertension,disorders of increased left ventricular filling and increased cavopulmonary pressures in patients with a Fontan type circulation.Methods:Patients were identified for inclusion from the AFR device manufacturer database.Data was collected using a RedCap database following IRB approval.8 weeks of follow up data was sought for each patient based on available data.Data was analyzed and summarized using SPSS.Results:We report the experience of 6 US centers in the implantation of AFR devices in 15 patients,across a wide age range,with different disease phenotypes and a variety of indications.Implantation was technically successful in all patients and improvement was noted in both clinical and hemodynamic parameters.There were no immediate or intermediate term complications reported.3 patients died remote from implantation.Their deaths were not felt to be related to the AFR device or related procedural complications.Conclusion:Compassionate use of the AFR device in children and adults with congenital&acquired heart disease is technically feasible and produces beneficial short term hemodynamic and symptomatic improvement.Widespread uptake of this technique and treatment at specialist centers has the potential to provide significant benefits to a variety of complex patients with currently limited treatment options and indeterminate prognosis.