As identified in 1936 by Hans Selye,stress is shaping diseases through the induction of inflammation.But inflammation display some yin yang properties.On one hand inflammation is merging with the innate immune respons...As identified in 1936 by Hans Selye,stress is shaping diseases through the induction of inflammation.But inflammation display some yin yang properties.On one hand inflammation is merging with the innate immune response aimed to fight infectious or sterile insults,on the other hand inflammation favors chronic physical or psychological disorders.Nature has equipped the cells,the organs,and the individuals with mediators and mechanisms that allow them to deal with stress,and even a good stress(eustress)has been associated with homeostasis.Likewise,societies and the planet are exposed to stressful settings,but wars and global warming suggest that the regulatory mechanisms are poorly efficient.In this review we list some inducers of the physiological stress,psychologic stress,societal stress,and planetary stress,and mention some of the great number of parameters which affect and modulate the response to stress and render it different from an individual to another,from the cellular level to the societal one.The cell,the organ,the individual,the society,and the planet share many stressors of which the consequences are extremely interconnected ending in the domino effect and the butterfly effect.展开更多
Acute infections cause local and systemic disorders which can lead in the most severe forms to multi-organ failure and eventually to death. The host response to infection encompasses a large spectrum of reactions with...Acute infections cause local and systemic disorders which can lead in the most severe forms to multi-organ failure and eventually to death. The host response to infection encompasses a large spectrum of reactions with a concomitant activation of the so-called inflammatory response aimed at fighting the infectious agent and removing damaged tissues or cells, and the anti-inflammatory response aimed at controlling inflammation and initiating the healing process. Fine-tuning at the local and systemic levels is key to preventing local and remote injury due to immune system activation. Thus, during bacterial sepsis and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), concomitant systemic and compartmentalized pro-inflammatory and compensatory anti-inflammatory responses are occurring. Immune cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and T-lymphocytes), as well as endothelial cells, differ from one compartment to another and contribute to specific organ responses to sterile and microbial insult. Furthermore, tissue-specific microbiota influences the local and systemic response. A better understanding of the tissue-specific immune status, the organ immunity crosstalk, and the role of specific mediators during sepsis and COVID-19 can foster the development of more accurate biomarkers for better diagnosis and prognosis and help to define appropriate host-targeted treatments and vaccines in the context of precision medicine.展开更多
Humanity has regularly faced the threat of epidemics and pandemics over the course of history.Successful at-tempts to protect populations were initially made with the development of new vaccines,such as those against ...Humanity has regularly faced the threat of epidemics and pandemics over the course of history.Successful at-tempts to protect populations were initially made with the development of new vaccines,such as those against plague and cholera,under the leadership of the bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine.Vaccines have led to a complete eradication of smallpox and bovine plague and a major reduction in other infectious diseases including diphthe-ria,typhoid fever,poliomyelitis,and Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis.While a few coronaviruses have been identified that seasonally infect humans causing mild symptoms,the emergence of a new zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has rapidly triggered the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)as a global pandemic responsible for widespread mortality.The severe phenotypes of COVID-19 resemble a previous infectious threat that was initially designated as hospital fever and puerperal fever,presently known as sepsis.A SARS-CoV-2 infection has frequently been considered as a form of viral sepsis(owing to com-mon features with bacterial sepsis)but is also associated with an array of specific and unique symptoms.Rapid progress in anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development,in particular,the design of efficient messenger RNA(mRNA)and recombinant adenovirus vaccines,is crucial for curbing the pandemic.展开更多
文摘As identified in 1936 by Hans Selye,stress is shaping diseases through the induction of inflammation.But inflammation display some yin yang properties.On one hand inflammation is merging with the innate immune response aimed to fight infectious or sterile insults,on the other hand inflammation favors chronic physical or psychological disorders.Nature has equipped the cells,the organs,and the individuals with mediators and mechanisms that allow them to deal with stress,and even a good stress(eustress)has been associated with homeostasis.Likewise,societies and the planet are exposed to stressful settings,but wars and global warming suggest that the regulatory mechanisms are poorly efficient.In this review we list some inducers of the physiological stress,psychologic stress,societal stress,and planetary stress,and mention some of the great number of parameters which affect and modulate the response to stress and render it different from an individual to another,from the cellular level to the societal one.The cell,the organ,the individual,the society,and the planet share many stressors of which the consequences are extremely interconnected ending in the domino effect and the butterfly effect.
文摘Acute infections cause local and systemic disorders which can lead in the most severe forms to multi-organ failure and eventually to death. The host response to infection encompasses a large spectrum of reactions with a concomitant activation of the so-called inflammatory response aimed at fighting the infectious agent and removing damaged tissues or cells, and the anti-inflammatory response aimed at controlling inflammation and initiating the healing process. Fine-tuning at the local and systemic levels is key to preventing local and remote injury due to immune system activation. Thus, during bacterial sepsis and Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), concomitant systemic and compartmentalized pro-inflammatory and compensatory anti-inflammatory responses are occurring. Immune cells (e.g., macrophages, neutrophils, natural killer cells, and T-lymphocytes), as well as endothelial cells, differ from one compartment to another and contribute to specific organ responses to sterile and microbial insult. Furthermore, tissue-specific microbiota influences the local and systemic response. A better understanding of the tissue-specific immune status, the organ immunity crosstalk, and the role of specific mediators during sepsis and COVID-19 can foster the development of more accurate biomarkers for better diagnosis and prognosis and help to define appropriate host-targeted treatments and vaccines in the context of precision medicine.
文摘Humanity has regularly faced the threat of epidemics and pandemics over the course of history.Successful at-tempts to protect populations were initially made with the development of new vaccines,such as those against plague and cholera,under the leadership of the bacteriologist Waldemar Haffkine.Vaccines have led to a complete eradication of smallpox and bovine plague and a major reduction in other infectious diseases including diphthe-ria,typhoid fever,poliomyelitis,and Haemophilus influenzae type B meningitis.While a few coronaviruses have been identified that seasonally infect humans causing mild symptoms,the emergence of a new zoonotic severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2(SARS-CoV-2)has rapidly triggered the ongoing coronavirus disease 2019(COVID-19)as a global pandemic responsible for widespread mortality.The severe phenotypes of COVID-19 resemble a previous infectious threat that was initially designated as hospital fever and puerperal fever,presently known as sepsis.A SARS-CoV-2 infection has frequently been considered as a form of viral sepsis(owing to com-mon features with bacterial sepsis)but is also associated with an array of specific and unique symptoms.Rapid progress in anti-SARS-CoV-2 vaccine development,in particular,the design of efficient messenger RNA(mRNA)and recombinant adenovirus vaccines,is crucial for curbing the pandemic.
