Cold-steel has served as the gold standard modality of phonosurgery for most of its history.Surgical laser technology has revolutionized this field with its wide use of applications.Additional modalities have also bee...Cold-steel has served as the gold standard modality of phonosurgery for most of its history.Surgical laser technology has revolutionized this field with its wide use of applications.Additional modalities have also been introduced such as coagulative lasers,photodynamic therapy,and cryotherapy.This review will compare the surgical modalities of cold steel,surgical lasers,phototherapy and cryotherapy.The mechanism of action,tissue effects and typical uses will be addressed for each modality.展开更多
Heterogeneous materials are inherently dielectric,and charge distribution and transport in such materials involves complex local fields and polarizations that are remarkably sensitive to morphology and the interaction...Heterogeneous materials are inherently dielectric,and charge distribution and transport in such materials involves complex local fields and polarizations that are remarkably sensitive to morphology and the interaction of conduction and permittivity.Trial and error design of such material systems is time consuming and expensive,and often ineffectual.However,heterogeneous materials are essential for energy conversion and storage,and they have become the foundation for major advances in the performance of devices such as batteries,fuel cells,separation membranes,and solar cells.The present paper presents some relationships in support of rational design based on an extensive experimental validation of the concepts and analysis that form a foundation for that design.Salient results include the prediction and confirmation of volume fraction effects(including nondilute mixtures),and the prediction and direct measurement of surface charge effects at internal interfaces as a function of constituent morphology and orientation.展开更多
文摘Cold-steel has served as the gold standard modality of phonosurgery for most of its history.Surgical laser technology has revolutionized this field with its wide use of applications.Additional modalities have also been introduced such as coagulative lasers,photodynamic therapy,and cryotherapy.This review will compare the surgical modalities of cold steel,surgical lasers,phototherapy and cryotherapy.The mechanism of action,tissue effects and typical uses will be addressed for each modality.
文摘Heterogeneous materials are inherently dielectric,and charge distribution and transport in such materials involves complex local fields and polarizations that are remarkably sensitive to morphology and the interaction of conduction and permittivity.Trial and error design of such material systems is time consuming and expensive,and often ineffectual.However,heterogeneous materials are essential for energy conversion and storage,and they have become the foundation for major advances in the performance of devices such as batteries,fuel cells,separation membranes,and solar cells.The present paper presents some relationships in support of rational design based on an extensive experimental validation of the concepts and analysis that form a foundation for that design.Salient results include the prediction and confirmation of volume fraction effects(including nondilute mixtures),and the prediction and direct measurement of surface charge effects at internal interfaces as a function of constituent morphology and orientation.
