Impact of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease on the risk of gallbladder polyps in lean and non-obese individuals:A cohort study

Background:The association between non-obese or lean nonalcoholic fatty liver disease(NAFLD)and gallbladder polyps(GBPs)has not yet been evaluated.We aimed to determine whether NAFLD is an independent risk factor for the development of GBPs,even in non-obese and lean individuals.Methods:We analyzed a cohort of 331208 asymptomatic adults who underwent abdominal ultrasonography(US).The risk of GBP development was evaluated according to the obesity and NAFLD status.Results:The overall prevalence of NAFLD and GBPs≥5 mm was 28.5%and 2.9%,respectively.The prevalence of NAFLD among 160276 lean,77676 overweight and 93256 obese participants was 8.2%,31.2%,and 61.1%,respectively.Individuals with NAFLD had a significantly higher incidence of GBPs with a size of≥5 mm[adjusted odds ratio(OR)=1.18;95%confidence interval(CI):1.11–1.25].A higher body mass index and its categories were also significantly associated with an increased risk of GBPs≥5 mm.Moreover,risk of GBPs≥5 mm was significantly increased even in NAFLD individuals who are not obese(lean:adjusted OR=1.36,95%CI:1.19-1.54;overweight:adjusted OR=1.14,95%CI:1.03–1.26,respectively).Conclusions:Non-obese/lean NAFLD is an independent risk factor for GBP development,suggesting that NAFLD may play an important role in the pathogenesis of GBPs regardless of the obesity status.Therefore,a more thorough evaluation for GBPs may be necessary when hepatic steatosis is detected on abdominal US,even in non-obese or lean individuals.

lmaging study for colorectal liver metastasis:beyond the diagnosis and to the prognosis

The liver is the most common metastatic site for colorectal cancers,and approximately 15-20%of the patients show liver metastasis on initial.Accurate detection and localization of colorectal liver metastases(CRLM)are crucial to the management of patients with colorectal cancer because CRLM is an important prognostic factor,and its surgical resection can improve the survival.Imaging studies,such as computed tomography(CT),magnetic resonance imaging(MRI),and positron emission tomography(PET)play an essential role in the detection and localization of CRLM.With technical advances in these imaging studies,such as multi-detector row CT,diffusion-weighted image(DWI),liver MRI using hepatocyte-specific contrast agents,and fluorine-18 fluorodeoxyglucose(FDG)PET fused with CT,their diagnostic performance has improved.