High-speed directly modulated distributed feedback laser based on detuned loading and photon-photon resonance effect

A monolithic integrated two-section distributed feedback(TS-DFB)semiconductor laser for high-speed direct modulation is proposed and analyzed theoretically.The grating structure of the TS-DFB laser is designed by the reconstructionequivalent-chirp(REC)technique,which can reduce the manufacturing cost and difficulty,and achieve high wavelength controlling accuracy.The detuned loading effect and the photon-photon resonance(PPR)effect are utilized to enhance the modulation bandwidth of the TS-DFB laser,exceeding 37 GHz,while that of the conventional one-section DFB laser is only 16 GHz.When the bit rate of the non-return-to-zero(NRZ)signal reaches 55 Gb/s,a clear eye diagram with large opening can still be obtained.These results show that the proposed method can enhance the modulation bandwidth of DFB laser significantly.

Assessment of causal direction between thyroid function and cardiometabolic health:a Mendelian randomization study

BACKGROUND Growing evidence have demonstrated that thyroid hormones have been involved in the processes of cardiovascular metabolism.However,the causal relationship of thyroid function and cardiometabolic health remains partly unknown.METHODS The Mendelian randomization(MR)was used to test genetic,potentially causal relationships between instrumental variables and cardiometabolic traits.Genetic variants of free thyroxine(FT4)and thyrotropin(TSH)levels within the reference range were used as instrumental variables.Data for genetic associations with cardiometabolic diseases were acquired from the genome-wide association studies of the FinnGen,CARDIoGRAM and CARDIoGRAMplusC4D,CHARGE,and MEGASTROKE.This study was conducted using summary statistic data from large,previously described cohorts.Association between thyroid function and essential hypertension(EHTN),secondary hypertension(SHTN),hyperlipidemia(HPL),type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM),ischemic heart disease(IHD),myocardial infarction(MI),heart failure(HF),pulmonary heart disease(PHD),stroke,and non-rheumatic valve disease(NRVD)were examined.RESULTS Genetically predicted FT4 levels were associated with SHTN(odds ratio=0.48;95%CI=0.04−0.82,P=0.027),HPL(odds ratio=0.67;95%CI=0.18−0.88,P=0.023),T2DM(odds ratio=0.80;95%CI=0.42−0.86,P=0.005),IHD(odds ratio=0.85;95%CI=0.49−0.98,P=0.039),NRVD(odds ratio=0.75;95%CI=0.27−0.97,P=0.039).Additionally,genetically predicted TSH levels were associated with HF(odds ratio=0.82;95%CI=0.68−0.99,P=0.042),PHD(odds ratio=0.75;95%CI=0.32−0.82,P=0.006),stroke(odds ratio=0.95;95%CI=0.81−0.97,P=0.007).However,genetically predicted thyroid function traits were not associated with EHTN and MI.CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests FT4 and TSH are associated with cardiometabolic diseases,underscoring the importance of the pituitary-thyroid-cardiac axis in cardiometabolic health susceptibility.

Assessment of causal association between thyroid function and lipid metabolism:a Mendelian randomization study

Background:Thyroid dysfunction is associated with cardiovascular diseases.However,the role of thyroid function in lipid metabolism remains partly unknown.The present study aimed to investigate the causal association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism via a genetic analysis termed Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:The MR approach uses a genetic variant as the instrumental variable in epidemiological studies to mimic a randomized controlled trial.A two-sample MR was performed to assess the causal association,using summary statistics from the Atrial Fibrillation Genetics Consortium(n=537,409)and the Global Lipids Genetics Consortium(n=188,577).The clinical measures of thyroid function include thyrotropin(TSH),free triiodothyronine(FT3)and free thyroxine(FT4)levels,FT3:FT4 ratio and concentration of thyroid peroxidase antibodies(TPOAb).The serum lipid metabolism traits include total cholesterol(TC)and triglycerides,high-density lipoprotein,and low-density lipoprotein(LDL)levels.The MR estimate and MR inverse variance-weighted method were used to assess the association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism.Results:The results demonstrated that increased TSH levels were significantly associated with higher TC(β=0.052,P=0.002)and LDL(β=0.041,P=0.018)levels.In addition,the FT3:FT4 ratio was significantly associated with TC(β=0.240,P=0.033)and LDL(β=0.025,P=0.027)levels.However,no significant differences were observed between genetically predicted FT4 and TPOAb and serum lipids.Conclusion:Taken together,the results of the present study suggest an association between thyroid function and serum lipid metabolism,highlighting the importance of the pituitary-thyroid-cardiac axis in dyslipidemia susceptibility.