基于6个内部基因序列的A型流感病毒的系统发育多样性及分布概况

A型流感病毒是人、禽、猪、马及一些海生哺乳动物重要的病原。A型流感病毒能变异成多种复杂的亚型、系及亚系。最近,通过病毒内部HA和NA基因序列,A型流感病毒的系统发育多样性已从整体上进行了描述,但其6个内部基因(PB2,PB1,PA,NP,MP和NS)的进化关系仍不清楚。作者通过NCBI中的流感病毒数据库,从GenBank中选取具有代表性的6个病毒内部基因的2798条序列。然后,使用MEGA4.1和RAxML 7.0.4软件对这些代表性序列之间的进化关系进行计算。根据进化树以及病毒在宿主、区域和时间上的分布的拓扑结构进行系和亚系的分类。结果构建了A型流感病毒6个内部基因的发育树概况图。通过一种假定的通用的数字命名系统对基于6个内部基因的型间各系和亚系进行分类和命名。通过概况图对流感病毒在不同地区、时期和宿主流通的多样性进行了分析。本研究首次呈现了基于6个内部基因的A型流感病毒的系统发育多样性和分布的概况图,同时还提出了针对病毒系和亚系的一种假定通用的命名系统,这些可以作为概括病毒历史和推测以后发展的候选形式,能促进以后在病毒系统发育多样性和进化上的科学交流。另外,本研究还提出了一种用以识别病毒新型的发育图,包括大规模流行的A型(H1N1)流感病毒的起源。

Efficacy and Safety Investigation of Kuntai Capsule for the Add-back Therapy of Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone Agonist Administration to Endometriosis Patients： A Randomized,Double-blind, Blank-and Tibolone-controlled Study

Background：As a Chinese Traditional Medicine product,Kuntai capsule could improve the peri-menopausal symptoms in postmenopausal women.But it is still not clear whether Kuntai capsule has a good effect on alleviating peri-menopausal symptoms induced by gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist （GnRH-a） treatment.The purpose of this study was to investigate the clinical effectiveness and safety of Kuntai capsule,on peri-menopausal symptoms in endometriosis （EMS） patients,with postoperative GnRH-a treatment.Methods：Ninety EMS ovarian cyst women with postoperative GnRH-a administration were enrolled in the study,and were randomly divided into Kuntai group,Tibolone group,or blank Control group.The therapeutic strategy in Kuntai group was 4 Kuntai capsules tid,po for 12 weeks after the first GnRH-a injection,while Tibolone 2.5 mg qd,po for 12 weeks in Tibolone group.There was no drug addition in Control group.Climacteric complaints were evaluated by Kupperman menopausal index （KMI） and hot flash/sweating score.Liver and renal functions,lipid profile,serum sex hormone levels and endometrial thickness were measured,and the frequency of adverse events in Kuntai and Tibolone groups was recorded.Results：（l） Before GnRH-a therapy,the baseline parameter results were comparable in the three groups （P ＞ 0.05）.（2） After GnRH-a therapy,KMI and hot flash/sweating scores in all the three groups increased significantly （P ＜ 0.05）.At the 4th week after GnRH-a therapy,KMI and hot flash/sweating score results were as follows：Control group ＞ Kuntai group ＞ Tibolone group （P ＜ 0.05）; at the 8th and 12th week after GnRH-a therapy,KMI and hot flash/sweating score in Control group were significantly higher than the other two groups （P ＜ 0.05）,and no significant difference was identified between Kuntai and Tibolone group （P ＞ 0.05）.（3） No statistical change took place in the liver and renal functions and lipid profile in all the three groups after the treatment （P ＞ 0.05）.（4） The posttherapeutic serum follicle-stimulating hormone （FSH）,luteinizing hormone （LH） and estradiol （E2） level and endometrial thickness decreased significantly in all the three groups （P ＜ 0.05）.After therapy,serum E2 level in Tibolone group was obviously higher than the other two groups （P ＜ 0.05）,while FSH and LH levels were obviously lower （P ＜ 0.05）.（5） The incidence of vaginal bleeding,breast distending pain in Tibolne group was obviously higher than Kuntai group （P ＜ 0.05）.Conclusions：Kuntai capsule is effective on the peri-menopausal symptoms induced by postoperative GnRH-a administration to EMS patients,although its clinical effect might be a few weeks later than Tibolone.Kuntai capsule might be a little safer than Tibolone tablet.

Congestion avoidance, detection and alleviation in wireless sensor networks

Congestion in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) not only causes severe information loss but also leads to excessive energy consumption. To address this problem, a novel scheme for congestion avoidance, detection and alleviation (CADA) in WSNs is proposed in this paper. By exploiting data characteristics, a small number of representative nodes are chosen from those in the event area as data sources, so that the source traffic can be suppressed proactively to avoid potential congestion. Once congestion occurs inevitably due to traffic mergence, it will be detected in a timely way by the hotspot node based on a combination of buffer occupancy and channel utilization. Congestion is then alleviated reactively by either dynamic traffic multiplexing or source rate regulation in accordance with the specific hotspot scenarios. Extensive simulation results under typical congestion scenarios are presented to illuminate the distinguished performance of the proposed scheme.

A review of solute-point defect interactions in vanadium and its alloys: first-principles modeling and simulation

Vanadium alloys are the promising first wall and blanket materials for fusion reactors.Large amounts of helium(He)and hydrogen(H)impurities are produced inside the materials along with irradiation defects under neutron irradiation,leading to bubble formation and microstructure changes,which will degrade the thermal and mechanical properties of vanadium alloys.The microstructure changes of materials are influenced by the interactions of point defects with solute atoms.Nowadays,first-principles calculations are intensively performed to elucidate these interactions,clustering,and dissolution,which can provide valuable information for the design of high-performance anti-irradiation materials.This paper reviews the recent findings of the interactions of point defects(vacancies,self-interstitial atoms)with substitutional solutes and interstitial solutes(C,O,N,H,and He)as well as their clusters in vanadium and its alloys from first-principles calculations.