Distribution pattern of acoustic and streaming field during multi-source ultrasonic melt treatment process

The ultrasonic melt treatment(UMT)is widely used in the fields of casting and metallurgy.However,there are certain drawbacks associated with the conventional process of single-source ultrasonic(SSU)treatment,such as the fast attenuation of energy and limited range of effectiveness.In this study,the propagation models of SSU and four-source ultrasonic(FSU)in Al melt were respectively established,and the distribution patterns of acoustic and streaming field during the ultrasonic treatment process were investigated by numerical simulation and physical experiments.The simulated results show that the effective cavitation zone is mainly located in a small spherical region surrounding the end of ultrasonic horn during the SSU treatment process.When the FSU is applied,the effective cavitation zone is obviously expanded in the melt.It increases at first and then decreases with increasing the vibration-source spacing(Lv)from 30 mm to 100 mm.Especially,when the Lv is 80 mm,the area of effective cavitation zone reaches the largest,indicating the best effect of cavitation.Moreover,the acoustic streaming level and flow pattern in the melt also change with the increase of Lv.When the Lv is 80 mm,both the average flow rate and maximum flow rate of the melt reach the highest,and the flow structure is more stable and uniform,with the typical morphological characteristics of angular vortex,thus significantly expanding the range of acoustic streaming.The accuracy of the simulation results was verified by physical experiments of glycerol aqueous solution and tracer particles.

Sulfuric acid leaching of high iron-bearing zinc calcine

Sulfuric acid leaching of high iron-bearing zinc calcine was investigated to assess the effects of sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, leaching temperature, and the stirring speed on the leaching rates of zinc and iron. The results showed that the sulfuric acid concentration, liquid-to-solid ratio, leaching time, and leaching temperature strongly influenced the leaching of zinc and iron, whereas stirring speed had little influence. Zinc was mainly leached and the leaching rate of iron was low when the sulfuric acid concentration was less than 100 g/L. At sulfuric acid concentrations higher than 100 g/L, the leaching rate of iron increased quickly with increasing sulfuric acid concentration. This behavior is attributed to iron-bearing minerals such as zinc ferrite in zinc calcine dissolving at high temperatures and high sulfuric acid concentrations but not at low temperatures and low sulfuric acid concentrations.

Microstructure evolution and mechanical properties of Mg-12Zn-2Y alloy containing quasicrystal phase fabricated by different casting processes

Although icosahedral quasicrystal phase(denoted as I-phase)has been verified as an outstanding reinforcing phase,the mechanical properties of quasicrystal-reinforced Mg-Zn-Y alloys fabricated by traditional casting processes are still unsatisfactory due to the serious segregation of intermetallic compounds.In this study,the microstructure and mechanical properties of Mg-12Zn-2Y alloy fabricated by different casting processes,including permanent mold casting,squeeze casting and rheo-squeeze casting with ultrasonic vibration,were systematically investigated and compared.The results show that massive,large-sized I-phase and Mg7Zn3 phase gather together in the permanent mold cast sample,while the squeeze casting process leads to the transformation of I-phase into fine lamellar morphology and the amount of Mg7Zn3 decreases.As to the rheo-squeeze casting process,when the ultrasonic vibration is exerted with power from 800 W to 1,600 W,theα-Mg grains are refined and spheroidized to a large extent,and the lamellar spacing of the eutectic structure is significantly reduced,accompanied by some tiny granular I-phase scattering in theα-Mg matrix.However,when the ultrasonic power continuously increases to 2,400 W,the eutectic structure becomes coarse.The best mechanical properties of the rheo-squeeze cast alloy are obtained when the ultrasonic power is 1,600 W.The microhardness,yield strength,ultimate tensile strength and elongation are 79.9 HV,140 MPa,236 MPa,and 3.25%,which are 44.1%,26.1%,25.5%,132.1%respectively higher than the corresponding values of the squeeze casting sample,and are 47.6%,44.3%,69.8%,and 253.3%respectively higher than the corresponding values of the permanent mold casting sample.

Numerical simulation and optimization of shell mould casting process for leaf spring bracket

Although the shell mould casting process has a wide range of application in many fields,the prediction of casting defects is still a problem.In the present work,a typical leaf spring bracket casting of ZG310-570 was fabricated by shell mold casting.The finite element model and ProCAST software were utilized for simulating the filling and solidification processes of the casting;and the formation mechanism of the gas pore,and shrinkage porosity defects were analyzed.The results indicate that the gas pore and shrinkage porosity defects are formed due to air entrapment,insufficient feeding and non-sequential solidification.Subsequently,through changing the position of risers,adding a connecting channel between the risers,and setting blind risers at the U-shaped brackets,an optimized gating and feeding system was established to improve the quality of the casting.After optimization,the gas pore and shrinkage porosity defects of the leaf spring bracket casting are effectively eliminated.The experiment results with the optimized casting process are in good agreement with the numerical simulation,which verifies the validity of the finite element model in the shell mould casting.

透明聚酰胺聚集态结构与拉伸性能的热处理效应

研究了透明聚酰胺PAPACM12和PAMACM12的基本性能以及热处理对透明聚酰胺聚集态结构和应力应变行为的影响,着重分析并对比了重复单元结构相近的透明聚酰胺在聚集态结构上的差别.示差扫描量热法(DSC)的结果表明,PAPACM12的玻璃化转变温度为135.6°C、熔点为244.6°C,PAMACM12的玻璃化转变温度为160°C.对比傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)谱图的结果,PAPACM12在对应了酰胺基团变形振动的961 cm^(-1)结晶谱带与PAMACM12有明显差异.经过退火处理后,PAPACM12在一维广角X射线衍射(WAXD)曲线上出现了2个衍射峰,其晶面间距分别为0.50和0.45 nm,对应于聚酰胺的α晶型,这是冷结晶所致;PAMACM12经过热处理后仍为无定形状态.退火后处理后PAPACM12的拉伸强度得到了改善、断裂强度下降,这也是冷结晶过程中微晶含量不断增加所致,而PAMACM12的拉伸强度和断裂强度均有所下降.

线性脂环族聚酰胺化学结构对其力学和光学性能的影响

以重复单元结构不同的3种线性脂环族聚酰胺(LATPA)材料为研究对象,通过核磁共振谱、红外光谱、热分析、X射线衍射等技术,研究了链结构单元的侧基、端基对材料聚集态结构的影响,并对比研究了不同聚集态结构材料的宏观力学性能和光学透明性差异,建立了链结构、聚集态结构与力学性能、光学性能的关系.研究发现,侧基带来的大空间位阻降低了LATPA的结晶度,提高了材料的玻璃化转变温度;较长的柔性端基分子链有助于高分子链的有序规整排列,可生成尺寸很小的微晶;聚集态结构直接影响材料的力学和光学性能,无定形LATPA和含有微晶结构的LATPA都具有良好的光学透明性,前者的透明性更高,后者的综合力学性能更好.