Progress,challenges,and prospects of spent lithium-ion batteries recycling:A review

The recycling and reutilization of spent lithium-ion batteries(LIBs)have become an important measure to alleviate problems like resource scarcity and environmental pollution.Although some progress has been made,battery recycling technology still faces challenges in terms of efficiency,effectiveness and environmental sustainability.This review aims to systematically review and analyze the current status of spent LIB recycling,and conduct a detailed comparison and evaluation of different recycling processes.In addition,this review introduces emerging recycling techniques,including deep eutectic solvents,molten salt roasting,and direct regeneration,with the intent of enhancing recycling efficiency and diminishing environmental repercussions.Furthermore,to increase the added value of recycled materials,this review proposes the concept of upgrading recycled materials into high value-added functional materials,such as catalysts,adsorbents,and graphene.Through life cycle assessment,the paper also explores the economic and environmental impacts of current battery recycling and highlights the importance that future recycling technologies should achieve a balance between recycling efficiency,economics and environmental benefits.Finally,this review outlines the opportunities and challenges of recycling key materials for next-generation batteries,and proposes relevant policy recommendations to promote the green and sustainable development of batteries,circular economy,and ecological civilization.

TCAS-PINN:Physics-informed neural networks with a novel temporal causality-based adaptive sampling method

Physics-informed neural networks(PINNs)have become an attractive machine learning framework for obtaining solutions to partial differential equations(PDEs).PINNs embed initial,boundary,and PDE constraints into the loss function.The performance of PINNs is generally affected by both training and sampling.Specifically,training methods focus on how to overcome the training difficulties caused by the special PDE residual loss of PINNs,and sampling methods are concerned with the location and distribution of the sampling points upon which evaluations of PDE residual loss are accomplished.However,a common problem among these original PINNs is that they omit special temporal information utilization during the training or sampling stages when dealing with an important PDE category,namely,time-dependent PDEs,where temporal information plays a key role in the algorithms used.There is one method,called Causal PINN,that considers temporal causality at the training level but not special temporal utilization at the sampling level.Incorporating temporal knowledge into sampling remains to be studied.To fill this gap,we propose a novel temporal causality-based adaptive sampling method that dynamically determines the sampling ratio according to both PDE residual and temporal causality.By designing a sampling ratio determined by both residual loss and temporal causality to control the number and location of sampled points in each temporal sub-domain,we provide a practical solution by incorporating temporal information into sampling.Numerical experiments of several nonlinear time-dependent PDEs,including the Cahn–Hilliard,Korteweg–de Vries,Allen–Cahn and wave equations,show that our proposed sampling method can improve the performance.We demonstrate that using such a relatively simple sampling method can improve prediction performance by up to two orders of magnitude compared with the results from other methods,especially when points are limited.

冰巨行星内部深处物理与化学过程研究进展

宇宙中诸如天王星、海王星等冰巨行星的数量繁多,理解冰巨行星的内部结构与局部反应过程对于建立统一的行星演化体系具有重要意义。近几十年来,随着模拟计算方法、实验加载与诊断技术的不断发展,与冰巨行星内部相关的多个物理问题研究取得了突破性进展,如“超离子态水”、“钻石雨”等现象不再不可捉摸。聚焦冰巨行星相关物理问题,简要介绍并讨论了极端状态下的高压状态方程和微观物理过程的理论及实验研究进展,包括相关实验平台与配套技术的发展情况,并对该领域的未来发展方向提出了展望。

The gradual subduction-collision evolution model of Proto-South China Sea and its control on oil and gas

This study involved outcrop,drilling,seismic,gravity,and magnetic data to systematically document the geological records of the subduction process of Proto-South China Sea(PSCS)and establish its evolution model.The results indicate that a series of arc-shaped ophiolite belts and calcalkaline magmatic rocks are developed in northern Borneo,both of which have the characteristics of gradually changing younger from west to east,and are direct signs of subduction and collision of PSCS.At the same time,the subduction of PSCS led to the formation of three accretion zones from the south to the north in Borneo,the Kuching belt,Sibu belt,and Miri belt.The sedimentary formation of northern Borneo is characterized by a three-layer structure,with the oceanic basement at the bottom,overlying the deep-sea flysch deposits of the Rajang–Crocker group,and the molasse sedimentary sequence that is dominated by river-delta and shallow marine facies at the top,recording the whole subduction–collision–orogeny process of PSCS.Further,seismic reflection and tomography also confirmed the subduction and collision of PSCS.Based on the geological records of the subduction and collision of PSCS,combined with the comprehensive analysis of segmented expansion and key tectonic events in the South China Sea,we establish the“gradual”subduction-collision evolution model of PSCS.During the late Eocene to middle Miocene,the Zengmu,Nansha,and Liyue–Palawan blocks were separated by West Baram Line and Balabac Fault,which collided with the Borneo block and Kagayan Ridge successively from the west to the east,forming several foreland basin systems,and PSCS subducted and closed from the west to the east.The subduction and extinction of PSCS controlled the oil and gas distribution pattern of southern South China Sea(SSCS)mainly in three aspects.First,the“gradual”closure process of PSCS led to the continuous development of many large deltas in SSCS.Second,the deltas formed during the subduction–collision of PSCS controlled the development of source rocks in the basins of SSCS.Macroscopically,the distribution and scale of deltas controlled the distribution and scale of source rocks,forming two types of source rocks,namely,coal measures and terrestrial marine facies.Microscopically,the difference of terrestrial higher plants carried by the delta controlled the proportion of macerals of source rocks.Third,the difference of source rocks mainly controlled the distribution pattern of oil and gas in SSCS.Meanwhile,the difference in the scale of source rocks mainly controlled the difference in the amount of oil and gas discoveries,resulting in a huge amount of oil and gas discoveries in the basin of SSCS.Meanwhile,the difference of macerals of source rocks mainly controlled the difference of oil and gas generation,forming the oil and gas distribution pattern of“nearshore oil and far-shore gas”.

Phase Regulation and Defect Passivation Enabled by Phosphoryl Chloride Molecules for Efficient Quasi‑2D Perovskite Light‑Emitting Diodes

Quasi-2D perovskites have attracted tremendous interest for application as lightemission layers in light-emitting diodes(LEDs).However,the heterogeneous n phase and non-uniform distribution still severely limit the further development of quasi-2D perovskite LEDs(Pero-LEDs).Meanwhile,the increased defect density caused by the reduced dimension and grain size induces non-radiative recombination and further deteriorates the device performance.Here,we found that a series of molecules containing phosphoryl chloride functional groups have noticeable enhancement effects on the device performance of quasi-2D Pero-LEDs.Then,we studied the modification mechanism by focusing on the bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride(BOPCl).It is concluded that the BOPCl can not only regulate the phase distribution by decreasing the crystallization rate but also remain in the grain boundaries and passivate the defects.As a result,the corresponding quasi-2D Pero-LEDs obtained a maximum external quantum efficiency(EQE_(max))of 20.82%and an average EQE(EQE_(ave))of around 20%on the optimal 50 devices,proving excellent reproducibility.Our work provides a new selection of molecular types for regulating the crystallization and passivating the defects of quasi-2D perovskite films.

Battery impedance spectrum prediction from partial charging voltage curve by machine learning

Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy(EIS) is an effective technique for Lithium-ion battery state of health diagnosis, and the impedance spectrum prediction by battery charging curve is expected to enable battery impedance testing during vehicle operation. However, the mechanistic relationship between charging curves and impedance spectrum remains unclear, which hinders the development as well as optimization of EIS-based prediction techniques. In this paper, we predicted the impedance spectrum by the battery charging voltage curve and optimized the input based on electrochemical mechanistic analysis and machine learning. The internal electrochemical relationships between the charging curve,incremental capacity curve, and the impedance spectrum are explored, which improves the physical interpretability for this prediction and helps define the proper partial voltage range for the input for machine learning models. Different machine learning algorithms have been adopted for the verification of the proposed framework based on the sequence-to-sequence predictions. In addition, the predictions with different partial voltage ranges, at different state of charge, and with different training data ratio are evaluated to prove the proposed method have high generalization and robustness. The experimental results show that the proper partial voltage range has high accuracy and converges to the findings of the electrochemical analysis. The predicted errors for impedance spectrum are less than 1.9 mΩ with the proper partial voltage range selected by the corelative analysis of the electrochemical reactions inside the batteries. Even with the voltage range reduced to 3.65–3.75 V, the predictions are still reliable with most RMSEs less than 4 mO.

Investigation of multi-step fast charging protocol and aging mechanism for commercial NMC/graphite lithium-ion batteries

Fast charging is considered a promising protocol for raising the charging efficiency of electric vehicles.However,high currents applied to Lithium-ion(Li-ion)batteries inevitably accelerate the degradation and shorten their lifetime.This work designs a multi-step fast-charging method to extend the lifetime of LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2(NMC)/graphite Li-ion batteries based on the studies of half cells and investigates the aging mechanisms for different charging methods.The degradation has been studied from both full cell behaviour and materials perspectives through a combination of non-destructive diagnostic methods and post-mortem analysis.In the proposed multi-step charging protocol,the state-of-charge(SOC)profile is subdivided into five ranges,and the charging current is set differently for different SOC ranges.One of the designed multi-step fast charging protocols is shown to allow for a 200 full equivalent cycles longer lifetime as compared to the standard charging method,while the charging time is reduced by 20%.From the incremental capacity analysis and electrical impedance spectroscopy,the loss of active materials and lithium inventory on the electrodes,as well as an increase in internal resistance for the designed multistep constant-current-constant-voltage(MCCCV)protocol have been found to be significantly lower than for the standard charging method.Post-mortem analysis shows that cells aged by the designed MCCCV fast charging protocol exhibit less graphite exfoliation and crystallization damage,as well as a reduced solid electrolyte interphase(SEI)layer growth on the anode,leading to a lower Rseiresistance and extended lifetime.

Global population estimate and conservation gap analysis for the Nordmann's Greenshank(Tringa guttifer)

Nordmann's Greenshank(Tringa guttifer)is a globally endangered species that has received little research attention.It is threatened by rapid habitat loss,an incomplete network of protected sites,and lack of long-term data on population dynamics.Citizen science data can be combined with survey data to support population estimation and conservation gap analysis.From 2020 to 2021,Nordmann's Greenshank was surveyed in Tiaozini,Xiaoyangkou,and Dongling on the southern coast of Jiangsu Province,China,and the global population of the species was re-evaluated using the data obtained.We integrated citizen science data from eBird and the China Bird Report from 2000 to 2020 with the survey results to identify important habitats harboring over 1%of its total population,and compared this data with existing protected areas to identify gaps in its global conservation.Our survey found that Tiaozini supported at least 1194 individuals.Consequently,its global population was reestimated to be 1500-2000.Moreover,45 important habitats were identified based on citizen data and survey results.Although 44.4%and 50.0%of the priority sites in the world and China,respectively,are located outside protected areas,the Conservation Effectiveness Index(C)is 68.4%and 71.1%,respectively,showing that the current coverage of protected areas for this part of its range is reasonable.This study presents the most complete and recent population data to date.Tiaozini is the most important migration stopover site for Nordmann's Greenshanks.The species is under threat in terms of breeding,wintering,and stopover sites.Therefore,we suggest improving monitoring,establishing new protected sites to complete the habitat protection network,and improving the effectiveness of existing habitat protection strategies,including further developing high tide roosting sites.

Compound heterozygous mutations in tripeptidyl peptidase 1 cause rare autosomal recessive spinocerebellar ataxia type 7:A case report

BACKGROUND Spinocerebellar ataxia recessive type 7(SCAR7)is a rare clinical manifestation beginning in childhood or adolescence.SCAR7 is caused by tripeptidyl peptidase 1(TPP1)gene mutations,and presents with cerebellar ataxia,pyramidal signs,neurocognitive impairment,deep paresthesia,and cerebellar atrophy.CASE SUMMARY Here,we describe a 25-year-old female patient in China who presented with increasing difficulty walking,falling easily,shaking limbs,instability holding items,slurred speech,coughing when drinking,palpitations,and frequent hunger and overeating.Magnetic resonance imaging showed cerebellar atrophy.Whole exome sequencing detected two compound heterozygous mutations in the TPP1 gene:c.1468G>A p.Glu490Lys and c.1417G>A p.Gly473Arg.Considering the patient’s clinical presentation and genetic test results,we hypothesized that complex heterozygous mutations cause TPP1 enzyme deficiency,which may lead to SCAR7.CONCLUSION We report the first case of SCAR7 from China.We also identify novel compound heterozygous mutations in the TPP1 gene associated with SCAR7,expanding the range of known disease-causing mutations for SCAR7.

硫酸提浓装置运行过程中存在的问题及改进措施

硫酸提浓装置在生产运行过程中,出现一系列问题:腐蚀管线,管道堵塞,硫酸储罐内沉积物过多。提出相应的解决方法:优化控制措施,定期转换硫酸,清理设备内沉淀结晶物等。改造后,设备平稳安全运行。

基于低相干光的阵列透镜束匀滑技术研究

基于激光加载的材料状态方程的实验研究对靶面光强分布的均匀性及稳定性提出了极高的要求,靶面光强的上述两大特性在很大程度上决定了实验结果的精度和可重复性.本文针对传统窄带高相干激光装置在激光加载材料状态方程实验中表现出的靶面光强均匀性和光强分布稳定性两方面可能存在的问题,提出了基于宽带低相干激光,利用消衍射阵列透镜联合诱导非相干技术的束匀滑方案,并重点分析了波前相位畸变对靶面不均匀性及稳定性的影响.模拟结果表明,该方法明显降低了靶面不均匀性,提高了对波前相位畸变的包容度,获得了均匀、稳定的光强分布.统计分析显示,焦斑强度分布极差和不均匀性与波前相位畸变均方根梯度相关性较强.因此,可以根据统计结果以及实验对焦斑强度分布的要求,给出波前相位畸变的容差范围,对状态方程实验中激光驱动器参数的设计与优化具有指导意义.

激光聚变内爆流体不稳定性基础问题研究进展

激光聚变有望一劳永逸地解决人类的能源问题,因而受到国际社会的普遍重视,一直是国际研究的前沿热点。目前实现激光惯性约束聚变所面临的最大科学障碍(属于内禀困难)是对内爆过程中高能量密度流体力学不稳定性引起的非线性流动的有效控制,对其研究涵盖高能量密度物理、等离子体物理、流体力学、计算科学、强冲击物理和高压原子物理等多个学科,同时还要具备大规模多物理多尺度多介质流动的数值模拟能力和高功率大型激光装置等研究条件。作为新兴研究课题,高能量密度非线性流动问题充满了各种新奇的现象亟待探索。此外,流体力学不稳定性及其引起的湍流混合,还是天体物理现象(如星系碰撞与合并、恒星演化、原始恒星的形成以及超新星爆炸)中的重要过程,涉及天体物理的一些核心研究内容。本文首先综述了高能量密度非线性流动研究的现状和进展,梳理了其中的挑战和机遇。然后介绍了传统中心点火激光聚变内爆过程发生的主要流体力学不稳定性,在大量分解和综合物理研究基础上,凝练出了目前制约美国国家点火装置(NIF)内爆性能的主要流体不稳定性问题。接下来,总结了国外激光聚变流体不稳定性实验物理的研究概况。最后,展示了内爆物理团队近些年在激光聚变内爆流体不稳定性基础性问题方面的主要研究进展。该团队一直从事激光聚变内爆非线性流动研究与控制,以及聚变靶物理研究与设计,注重理论探索和实验研究相结合,近年来在内爆重要流体力学不稳定性问题的解析理论、数值模拟和激光装置实验设计与数据分析等方面取得了一系列重要成果,有力地推动了该研究方向在国内的发展。

经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术治疗局限性前列腺癌(附27例报告)

目的:探讨经腹膜外途径腹腔镜技术处理局限性前列腺癌的手术要点与临床应用价值。方法:2013年7月-2017年10月,共施行经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术27例,25例为术前经直肠前列腺穿刺活检确诊,另外2例为TURP后病理发现。患者中位年龄61(52~73)岁;中位BMI为22.3(20.1~26.1)kg/m2;中位前列腺体积(术前经直肠B超测量)44.8(32.3~94.6)cm3;术前中位PSA 11.6(5.6~28.7)μg/L。术前Gleason评分5分3例,6分13例,7分8例,8分3例;术前盆腔CT及MRI检查均未见明显肿大的淋巴结和精囊侵犯,核素骨扫描检查未见骨转移,肿瘤临床分期T1b2例,T1C9例,T2a8例,T2b6例,T2C2例;均采用四孔法经腹膜外途径完成腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除。结果:27例手术均获成功,无一例中转开放。中位手术时间135(75~215)min;中位失血量145(55~450)mL,术中术后均未输血。术中发生直肠损伤1例,在腔镜下予以及时发现并缝合修补,术后恢复良好;术后病理检查切缘阳性2例。术后5例出现漏尿,均在3~10 d后消失;术后2~3周拔除尿管,3例拔除尿管后即能满意控尿;3个月后11例恢复控尿,其余13例活动时出现轻中度压力性尿失禁,均在6~12个月内恢复控尿;保留性神经的10例患者中有6例术后恢复勃起功能。术后平均随访18(1~48)个月,无尿道狭窄,3例出现生化复发。结论:经腹膜外途径腹腔镜下根治性前列腺切除术是一种安全、有效的微创手术方法,用于治疗局限性前列腺癌可以获得满意的肿瘤控制和功能保留。

带角膜缘干细胞的自体结膜瓣移植术对翼状胬肉患者泪膜稳定性的影响

目的:探讨带角膜缘干细胞的自体结膜瓣移植术对翼状胬肉患者干眼及泪膜稳定性的分析。方法:选择114例138眼翼状胬肉患者,根据治疗方式不同分为传统组56例67眼,试验组58例71眼,观察两组术前、术后1、3mo的SⅠt值、BUT值、FL值以及术后两组患者眼球表面温度及干眼症评分。结果:传统组总有效率83.6%,试验组总有效率95.8%,两组有差异(χ2=5.207,P=0.022);两组术前SⅠt值无差异(P>0.05),试验组术后1、3mo SⅠt值较传统组升高更为显著(均P<0.05);传统组、试验组术前BUT值无差异(P>0.05),术后1、3mo试验组BUT值较传统组明显增加(均P<0.05);传统组、试验组术前FL分值无差异(P>0.05),试验组术后1、3mo FL值较传统组有所降低(均P<0.001);传统组、试验组眼球表面温度无差异(P>0.05),干眼症评分试验组明显低于传统组(P<0.05)。结论:采用带角膜缘干细胞的自体结膜瓣移植术疗效优于行翼状胬肉切除联合羊膜移植术,可促进翼状胬肉患者泪膜稳定性恢复,患者干眼症状有明显改善。

一种实测实量引导植入位点的精准牙种植技术

正确的植入位点对于种植修复的长期稳定有效十分重要,为提高植入的精准度,临床上越来越多地使用外科导板、手术导航等来控制位点,引导种植体的植入。但是一方面由于这类数字化手段存在过程繁琐、费用较高等问题,大量的病例仍然是由自由手植入的;另一方面,在术前、术中、术后缺乏快速实用的实测位点的方法,不少病例只有术后锥形束CT检查时才发现位点不良,改正位点的代价不小。本文介绍一种适用于各类种植系统的全程植入位点的实测方法及其引导的精准植入技术。本技术由实测尺子引导,包括测量尺和术中定位尺两部分。术前使用测量尺测量术区三维空间,根据实测数据结合锥形束CT数据进行种植方案和数量引导设计,术中用实测尺子引导全程种植,兼顾实测核查。这种方法实现了植入手术从术前空间分析、术中精准植入引导及术后位点实测评价的全程可量化,可全程及时调整位点,提高了植入精度,是一项适宜推广的牙种植实用技术。

状态方程实验用铈微靶的聚焦离子束制备

由于Ce材料易氧化、易变形,传统的研磨制靶方法已无法获得高精度的Ce材料状态方程靶。针对高活性材料高精微靶制备的难点,引入了聚焦离子束技术进行Al-Ce阻抗匹配靶的制备。在10-4Pa的高真空下通过Ce靶片的离子束切割、机械手转移、扫描电镜定位、Pt沉积固定、氧化防护Pt膜等,完成了高精度Al-Ce阻抗匹配靶的制备。采用该方法制备的Ce靶,具有氧化程度低、陡直度高、精密程度高、安全性好、成品率高和操作直观等优势。最后通过动态加载状态方程实验证实了聚焦离子束制备高精度微靶的可靠性。

园林养护智能管理系统设计与开发

为解决目前园林养护管理中信息管理系统功能单一、应用技术较简单和养护人员专业知识缺乏的问题,本文利用环境感知技术、远程测控技术、网络通讯技术等信息技术,融合园林植物模型与园林专家知识,设计开发园林养护智能管理系统,该系统实现了园林环境内光、温、水、肥等环境数据及现场图像视频信息的实时采集、预警通知和智能管控等功能,对于提升园林养护自动化水平,提高人员工作效率、降低养护成本,实现园林科学管理和综合管理具有重要意义。

Switchgrass as a bioenergy crop in the Loess Plateau, China：Potential lignocellulosic feedstock production and environmental conservation

A large portion of the Loess Plateau of China is characterized as “marginal” with serious land degradation and desertification problems. Consequently, two policies, Grain for Green and Western Development Action were established by the Chinese government in response to the demand for ecological protection and economic development in the Loess Plateau. These policies are designed to increase forest cover, expand farmlands, and enhance soil and water conservation, while creating sustainable vegetation restoration. Perennial grasses have gained attention as bioenergy feedstocks due to their high biomass yields, low inputs, and greater ecosystem services compared to annual crops. Moreover, perennial grasses limit nutrient runoff and reduce greenhouse gas emissions and soil losses while sequestering carbon. Additionally, perennial grasses can generate economic returns for local farmers through producing bioenergy feedstock or forage on marginal lands. Here, we suggest a United States model energy crop, switchgrass（Panicum virgatum L.） as a model crop to minimize land degradation and desertification and to generate biomass for energy on the Loess Plateau.

Effect of Chaiqinchengqi decoction on serum amyloid A in severe acute pancreatitis patients

Objective:To investigate the effect of Chaiqinchengqi decoction(CQCQD) on serum amyloid A (SAA) in severe acute pancreatitis(SAP) patients.Methods:Thirty-five participants enrolled and were randomly assigned into either a treatment condition(n=17,treated with CQCQD) or a control condition(n=18,treated with placebo) 24 hours following the onset of the disease. No statistical difference was observed in either group at baseline.Upon admission,the Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation scoreⅡ(APACHEⅡ),SAA,serum C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6(IL-6) were measured,as well as on the first,3rd and 7lh day and were compared between the two groups.Organ complications,infection,operation rate,mortality and hospital stay were also compared.Results:The duration of acute respiratory distress syndrome, acute hepatitis,acute renal failure,gastrointestinal failure and blood coagulation dysfunction were shorter in the treatment group than in those in the control group(P【0.05).The secondary infection rates and the hospital fees in the treatment group were lower than those in the control group(P【0.05) as well as length of hospital stay(P【0.01).After 3 days of hospitalization,the APACHEⅡ,score SAA levels,serum CRP and IL-6 in the treatment group was lower than those in the control group(P【0.05).SAA was positively correlated with serum CRP(R = 0.346,P = 0.042),Ranson score(R = 0.442,P = 0.008) and serum IL-6(R=0.359,P =0.034).The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of admission SAA predict pancreatic necrosis(PN) was 0.815(95%CI:0.625-0.954;P =0.006).The best cut-off value of admission SAA was 7.85 mg/L with the sensitivity 84.6%and specificity 68.2%.Conclusions:The CQCQD can reduce the duration of organ damage through lowering the SAA in SAP patients and the SAA can early predict the PN and severity of SAP patients.

Impacts of nighttime post-anthesis warming on rice productivity and grain quality in East China

The impacts of nighttime post-anthesis warming on rice productivity and grain quality in East China were evaluated for two cultivars, II You 128, an indica rice, and Wuyunjing 7, a japonica rice. Warming by 3.0 °C stimulated the nighttime respiration rate and decreased the photosynthesis rate, resulting in significant decreases of 21.2% and 24.9% in aboveground biomass accumulation for II You 128 and Wuyunjing 7, respectively. Warming significantly reduced the rates of seed setting and grain filling, especially of inferior kernels(those lower in panicles), while the filling rate of superior kernels remained almost unchanged. As a result, 1000-grain weight and grain yield were respectively 3.7% and 30.0% lower for II You 128 and 12.8% and 34.3% for Wuyunjing 7 in warmed plots than in the unwarmed control. Nighttime warming also significantly reduced the grain milling and appearance quality of both varieties. More negative effects of warming on inferior than on superior kernels were found. The above results have important implications for rice variety cultivation in East China.