Peripheral mitochondrial DNA as a neuroinflammatory biomarker for major depressive disorder

In the pathogenesis of major depressive disorder, chronic stress-related neuroinflammation hinders favorable prognosis and antidepressant response. Mitochondrial DNA may be an inflammatory trigger, after its release from stress-induced dysfunctional central nervous system mitochondria into peripheral circulation. This evidence supports the potential use of peripheral mitochondrial DNA as a neuroinflammatory biomarker for the diagnosis and treatment of major depressive disorder. Herein, we critically review the neuroinflammation theory in major depressive disorder, providing compelling evidence that mitochondrial DNA release acts as a critical biological substrate, and that it constitutes the neuroinflammatory disease pathway. After its release, mitochondrial DNA can be carried in the exosomes and transported to extracellular spaces in the central nervous system and peripheral circulation. Detectable exosomes render encaged mitochondrial DNA relatively stable. This mitochondrial DNA in peripheral circulation can thus be directly detected in clinical practice. These characteristics illustrate the potential for mitochondrial DNA to serve as an innovative clinical biomarker and molecular treatment target for major depressive disorder. This review also highlights the future potential value of clinical applications combining mitochondrial DNA with a panel of other biomarkers, to improve diagnostic precision in major depressive disorder.

The Jiao Tong University Spectroscopic Telescope Project

The Jiao Tong University Spectroscopic Telescope(JUST)is a 4.4-meter f/6.0 segmented-mirror telescope dedicated to spectroscopic observations.The JUST primary mirror is composed of 18 hexagonal segments,each with a diameter of 1.1 m.JUST provides two Nasmyth platforms for placing science instruments.One Nasmyth focus fits a field of view of 10′and the other has an extended field of view of 1.2°with correction optics.A tertiary mirror is used to switch between the two Nasmyth foci.JUST will be installed at a site at Lenghu in Qinghai Province,China,and will conduct spectroscopic observations with three types of instruments to explore the dark universe,trace the dynamic universe,and search for exoplanets:(1)a multi-fiber(2000 fibers)medium-resolution spectrometer(R=4000-5000)to spectroscopically map galaxies and large-scale structure;(2)an integral field unit(IFU)array of 500 optical fibers and/or a long-slit spectrograph dedicated to fast follow-ups of transient sources for multi-messenger astronomy;(3)a high-resolution spectrometer(R~100000)designed to identify Jupiter analogs and Earth-like planets,with the capability to characterize the atmospheres of hot exoplanets.

Calibration of quantitative rescattering model for simulating vortex high-order harmonic generation driven by Laguerre–Gaussian beam with nonzero orbital angular momentum

We calibrate the macroscopic vortex high-order harmonic generation(HHG)obtained by the quantitative rescattering(QRS)model to compute single-atom induced dipoles against that by solving the time-dependent Schr?dinger equation(TDSE).We show that the QRS perfectly agrees with the TDSE under the favorable phase-matching condition,and the QRS can accurately predict the main features in the spatial profiles of vortex HHG if the phase-matching condition is not good.We uncover that harmonic emissions from short and long trajectories are adjusted by the phase-matching condition through the time-frequency analysis and the QRS can simulate the vortex HHG accurately only when the interference between two trajectories is absent.This work confirms that it is an efficient way to employ the QRS model in the single-atom response for precisely simulating the macroscopic vortex HHG.

Tailoring OAM spectrum of high-order harmonic generation driven by two mixed Laguerre–Gaussian beams with nonzero radial nodes

The extreme ultraviolet(XUV)light beam carrying orbital angular momentum(OAM)can be produced via high-order harmonic generation(HHG)due to the interaction of an intense vortex infrared laser and a gas medium.Here we show that the OAM spectrum of vortex HHG can be readily tailored by varying the radial node(from 0 to 2)in the driving laser consisting of two mixed Laguerre-Gaussian(LG)beams.We find that due to the change in spatial profile of HHG,the distribution range of the OAM spectrum can be broadened and its shape can be modified by increasing the radial node.We also show that the OAM mode range becomes much wider and its distribution shape becomes more symmetric when the harmonic order is increased from the plateau to the cutoff when the driving laser has the nonzero radial nodes.Through the map of coherence length and the evolution of harmonic field in the medium,we reveal that the favorable off-axis phase-matching conditions are greatly modified due to the change of intensity and phase distributions of driving laser with the radial node.We anticipate this work to stimulate some interests in generating the XUV vortex beam with tunable OAM spectrum through the gaseous HHG process achieved by manipulating the mode properties of the driving laser beam.

沟槽结构对质子交换膜电解池性能的影响

质子交换膜水电解(PEMEC)是极具发展前景的水电解制氢技术,但其发展受到成本与能耗的限制。为了有效改善质子交换膜电解池阳极通道内热量传递和气液两相传递能力并提高电解性能,对电解池通道壁面结构进行研究。基于电化学原理、传质传热理论,建立了三维非等温质子交换膜电解池单通道模型,对电解池阳极通道速度、温度以及气液两相分布等方面进行分析,研究了仿生沟槽和常规沟槽对电解池热质传递以及电化学性能影响。结果表明,(1)电解池阳极通道中加入沟槽对电解池流体速度、热质传递性能及电化学性能均有不同程度优化;(2)仿生曲面沟槽相较于常规几何沟槽,对电解池各方面性能的优化效果更加显著,仿生曲面沟槽与三角形和V形沟槽相比,阳极通道传热系数分别提高10.8%和28.2%,液态水和氧气最大传质速率相对优化率达到47.0%和83.3%;(3)沟槽间距会影响通道流体扰动程度,扰动次数和沟槽数目呈正相关,当通道长度一定时,沟槽间距越小,扰动越频繁,电解池通道流体速度增大,电解池整体性能提升。研究结果可为质子交换膜电解池的设计提供一定参考。

湿气发电机的研究进展、应用和展望

随着化石资源的枯竭和环境污染的加剧,人类对绿色可再生能源的需求与日俱增.开发新型绿色能源是缓解能源危机的有效方法之一.水作为一种丰富的可再生资源,能够通过流动、蒸发、扩散等运动实现能量转换.水分子在地球表面的主要存在形式包括固态、液态和气态3种.为有效利用水资源,已制造出水力发电、潮汐能发电等使用液态水的大型设备.近年来,水分子与功能材料间的水伏效应掀起了对湿气发电的研究热潮.湿气发电机能够利用环境中的湿气能量产生电能,其过程主要包括电荷有效分离和载流子不对称运动.湿气发电机具有体积小、易制备、易集成等优点,能够从人体日常生理活动(如呼吸、出汗等)中收集能量并转化为电能,在便携式柔性电源和自供能传感器等领域具有巨大的应用潜力.本文总结了湿气发电机的基本原理、材料和结构设计方法及典型应用,并对湿气发电机的发展趋势进行了展望.

An equilibrium multi-objective optimum design for non-circular clearance hole of disk with discrete variables

An Equilibrium Multi-objective Optimization Model（EMOM） with self-regulated weighting factors has been proposed for the optimum design of non-circular clearance hole on the front flange of turbine disk. In the ‘‘equilibrium design＂, both the stress decrease around the hole and the least hole＇s profile variation are considered, which balances two ambivalent design goals. Specific discrete variables are applied to realize the standardization design in the optimization process, in which a Surrogate Genetic Coding Algorithm（SGCA） is introduced, and a special check module is used to get rid of repeated fitness evaluation of the samples. The method offers an equilibrium design for the non-circular clearance hole of the turbine disk with great accuracy and efficiency.

The mass of our Milky Way

We perform an extensive review of the numerous studies and methods used to determine the total mass of the Milky Way.We group the various studies into seven broad classes according to their modeling approaches.The classes include:i)estimating Galactic escape velocity using high velocity objects;ii)measuring the rotation curve through terminal and circular velocities;iii)modeling halo stars,globular clusters and satellite galaxies with the spherical Jeans equation and iv)with phase-space distribution functions;v)simulating and modeling the dynamics of stellar streams and their progenitors;vi)modeling the motion of the Milky Way,M31 and other distant satellites under the framework of Local Group timing argument;and vii)measurements made by linking the brightest Galactic satellites to their counterparts in simulations.For each class of methods,we introduce their theoretical and observational background,the method itself,the sample of available tracer objects,model assumptions,uncertainties,limits and the corresponding measurements that have been achieved in the past.Both the measured total masses within the radial range probed by tracer objects and the extrapolated virial masses are discussed and quoted.We also discuss the role of modern numerical simulations in terms of helping to validate model assumptions,understanding systematic uncertainties and calibrating the measurements.While measurements in the last two decades show a factor of two scatters,recent measurements using Gaia DR2 data are approaching a higher precision.We end with a detailed discussion of future developments in the field,especially as the size and quality of the observational data will increase tremendously with current and future surveys.In such cases,the systematic uncertainties will be dominant and thus will necessitate a much more rigorous testing and characterization of the various mass determination methods.