The mitophagy pathway and its implications in human diseases

Mitochondria are dynamic organelles with multiple functions.They participate in necrotic cell death and programmed apoptotic,and are crucial for cell metabolism and survival.Mitophagy serves as a cytoprotective mechanism to remove superfluous or dysfunctional mitochondria and maintain mitochondrial fine-tuning numbers to balance intracellular homeostasis.Growing evidences show that mitophagy,as an acute tissue stress response,plays an important role in maintaining the health of the mitochondrial network.Since the timely removal of abnormal mitochondria is essential for cell survival,cells have evolved a variety of mitophagy pathways to ensure that mitophagy can be activated in time under various environments.A better understanding of the mechanism of mitophagy in various diseases is crucial for the treatment of diseases and therapeutic target design.In this review,we summarize the molecular mechanisms of mitophagy-mediated mitochondrial elimination,how mitophagy maintains mitochondrial homeostasis at the system levels and organ,and what alterations in mitophagy are related to the development of diseases,including neurological,cardiovascular,pulmonary,hepatic,renal disease,etc.,in recent advances.Finally,we summarize the potential clinical applications and outline the conditions for mitophagy regulators to enter clinical trials.Research advances in signaling transduction of mitophagy will have an important role in developing new therapeutic strategies for precision medicine.

Two-dimensional Cu-porphyrin nanosheet membranes for nanofiltration

A kind of two-dimensional(2D)metal-organic framework(MOF)material,Cu-meso-tetrakis(4-carboxyphenyl)porphine(Cu-TCPP)nanosheets with wrinkled and flat morphologies are used as building blocks to assemble membranes by vacuum filtration(VF)and electrophoretic deposition(EPD)as energy-efficient nanofiltration(NF)membranes to remove dyes from water.Since the nanosheets with wrinkled structure can provide additional water transport channels,thereby increasing the water permeance,in the premise of a high rejection(>97.0%)for the dye brilliant blue G(BBG)(1.60 nm×1.90 nm),the water permeance of the membrane assembled by the wrinkled nanosheets(~1170 nm)is about 4 times that of the membrane assembled by the flat nanosheets(~530 nm),reaching 16.39 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1).Additionally,the use of the relatively flat nanosheets and the membrane preparation method of electrophoretic deposition is more conducive to stack nanosheets orderly and reduce defects.Therefore,the water permeance of the membrane prepared by EPD(~1170 nm)with flat nanosheets is about twice that of the membrane prepared by VF(~530 nm),achieving 9.40 L·m^(−2)·h^(−1)·bar^(−1)with similar rejection(>97.0%)of dye evans blue(EB)(3.10 nm×1.20 nm).Furthermore,these membranes still exhibit good separation performance at high pressure of 0.6 MPa.Nanosheets with diverse structures and various membrane fabrication processes provide new directions for the separation performance optimization of 2D MOF materials for water purification.

存算一体电路与跨层次协同设计优化:从SRAM到铁电晶体管

人工智能与物联网时代,大数据模型驱动的应用场景和计算任务层出不穷,极大促进了国家数字化发展.然而,传统冯·诺依曼(John von Neumann)体系架构的硬件系统由于存算分离的结构特点导致存储墙瓶颈,在数据密集型应用中消耗了大量的数据搬运成本,抑制了能效性能提升.存算一体技术是后摩尔(Moore)时代背离传统架构系统的新型计算范式,利用存储单元器件、电路内在特性,将基本的计算逻辑任务融入存储单元之中,从而消除数据搬运开销,有望实现智能计算硬件平台能效性能的显著提升.本文以契合存算一体技术的存储器件电路为切入点,概述基于传统互补金属氧化物半导体(complementary metal oxide semiconductor,CMOS)和新型非易失存储器件代表铁电晶体管的存算一体电路,并从器件、架构芯片、算法应用等层次讨论存算一体电路的跨层次协同设计优化方法.

Ru/NC heterointerfaces boost energy-efficient production of green H_(2)over a wide pH range

Green hydrogen(H_(2))is an import energy carrier due to the zero-carbon emission in the energy cycle.Nevertheless,green H_(2)production based on electrolyzer and photovoltaics(EZ/PV)remains limited due to the highly pH-dependant and energy exhausting overall water splitting.Herein,we report a series of Ru-nanocluster-modified mesoporous nanospheres(Rux@mONC)as pH-universal electrocatalysts towards both hydrogen evolution reaction(HER)and hydrazine oxidation reaction(HzOR).The optimal catalyst Ru_(2)0@mONC realizes remarkable catalytic activity and stability towards both HER and HzOR regardless of electrolytes.As a result,the electrode pair of Ru_(2)0@mONC//Ru_(2)0@mONC requires low cell-potentials of 39/429,405/926,and 164/1,141 mV to achieve the current density of 10/100 mA·cm^(−2),as well as the long-term stability for HzOR assisted electrochemical water splitting in alkaline,acidic,and neutral media,respectively.Those performances are more promising compared to the state-of-the-art electrocatalysts so far reported.A proof-of-concept test demonstrates an efficient production of green H_(2)powered by a single-junction silicon solar cell,which may inspire the use of a cost-effective EZ/PV system.Furthermore,a combined spectroscopic and theoretical study verifies the formation of abundant Ru/NC heterointerfaces in Ru_(2)0@mONC,which not only contributes to the balancing of H*adsorption/desorption in HER but also facilitates the*N_(2)H_(2)dehydrogenation in HzOR.

Recent progress of two-dimensional nanosheet membranes and composite membranes for separation applications

Two-dimensional(2D)materials have emerged as a class of promising materials to prepare high-performance 2D membranes for various separation applications.The precise control of the interlayer nano-channel/sub-nanochannel between nanosheets or the pore size of nanosheets within 2D membranes enables 2D membranes to achieve promising molecular sieving performance.To date,many 2D membranes with high permeability and high selectivity have been reported,exhibiting high separation performance.This review presents the development,progress,and recent breakthrough of different types of 2D membranes,including membranes based on porous and non-porous 2D nanosheets for various separations.Separation mechanism of 2D membranes and their fabrication methods are also reviewed.Last but not the least,challenges and future directions of 2D membranes for wide utilization are discussed in brief.

Causal relationship between 14 site-specific cancers and venous thromboembolism

Background:It has been observed that cancer and venous thromboembolism(VTE)are associated,but anticancer therapy may violate the causality.Therefore,this study aimed to elucidate the causal relationship of various cancers to VTE using Mendelian randomization(MR).Methods:Three MR methods were used to estimate causal effects:Inverse variance weighted(IVW),MR-Egger and weighted median.Sensitivity analyses included Cochran's Q-test,MR-Egger intercept test and MRPRESSO.Gene ontology enrichment analysis was performed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of VTE development in cancer patients.Results:The primary IVW approach showed that non-Hodgkin's lymphoma(NHL)might increase the risk of VTE(odds ratio[OR]:1.20,95%confidence interval[95%CI]:1.00–1.44,p=0.045),while melanoma possibly reduced the risk of VTE(OR:0.89,95%CI:0.82–0.97,p=0.006),although there was no significance after adjustment for multiple testing.No association was observed between VTE risk and other site-specific cancers.Gene ontology enrichment analysis revealed that vitamin D played an important role in the development of VTE in cancer patients.Conclusions:Our findings suggested that genetically predicted NHL was associated with higher VTE risk,whereas melanoma had lower VTE risk compared with other site-specific cancers.Moreover,this study suggested that anticancer therapy and increased extensive examination might play a more important role in VTE development than the nature of cancer.